Mpox Hepatic and Pulmonary Lesions in HIV/Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infected Patient, France.

We report a case of persistent disseminated mpox evolving over >6 months in an HIV/hepatitis B virus co-infected patient in France who had <200 CD4+ cells/mm, pulmonary and hepatic necrotic lesions, persistent viremia, and nasopharyngeal excretion. Clinical outcome was favorable after 90 days of tecovirimat treatment and administration of human vaccinia immunoglobulins.

A multiplexed real-time PCR assay for simultaneous quantification of human immunodeficiency virus and Hepatitis B virus for low-and-middle- income countries.

Due to shared routes of transmission, including sexual contact and vertical transmission, HIV-HBV co-infection is common, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Measurement of viral load (VL), for both HIV and HBV, plays a critical role for determining their infectious phase and monitoring response to antiviral therapy. Implementation of viral load testing in clinical settings is a significant challenge in resource-limited countries, notably because of cost and availability issues.

Plasma concentrations of antiretroviral drugs in a successful 4-days-a-week maintenance treatment strategy in HIV-1 patients (ANRS 170-Quatuor trial).

Objectives: Charaterization of the plasma concentrations of antiretrovirals in a 4-days-a-week maintenance treatment strategy in the ANRS-170-QUATUOR study.

Methods: Patients were randomized in two groups receiving triple therapy taken 4-days-ON and 3-days-OFF (4/7) or continuous therapy (7/7). Plasma antiretroviral concentrations were monitored during the 'ON-treatment period' (Day 3 or 4 of the 4-day treatment block) and the 'OFF-treatment period' (Day 3 of the 3-day drug cessation) for the 4/7 group, or before the daily drug intake for the 7/7 group, until week-48 (W48).

A HIV Superinfection Diagnosed in a Patient on Intramuscular Long-acting Combination of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine.

A case of a male with human immunodeficiency virus with plasma genotyping detecting no resistance and a CRF02_AG subtype had a controlled HIV RNA on antiretroviral therapy since 2010. We introduced intramuscular therapy with cabotegravir and rilpivirine. One month later, his HIV RNA was 1500 copies/mL; genotyping found a subtype B with many mutations.

Four days/week antiretroviral maintenance strategy (ANRS 170 QUATUOR): substudies of reservoirs and ultrasensitive drug resistance.

Background: In a 4 days/week (4/7 days) maintenance strategy (ANRS-170 QUATUOR trial), the virological impact of an intermittent strategy was assessed by ultrasensitive virological analyses of reservoirs and resistance.

Methods: HIV-1 total DNA, ultra-sensitive plasma viral load (USpVL) and semen VL were measured in the first 121 participants. Sanger and ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) were performed on the HIV-1 genome (Illumina technology) according to the ANRS consensus.

Hepatitis B Virus in West African Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of HIV and Other Factors Associated with Hepatitis B Infection.

While Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are endemic in West Africa, the prevalence of HBV/HIV coinfection and their associated risk factors in children remains unclear. In this review, we sought to assess HBsAg seroprevalence among 0- to 16-year-olds with and without HIV in West African countries and the risk factors associated with HBV infection in this population. Research articles between 2000 and 2021 that reported the prevalence of HBV and associated risk factors in children in West Africa were retrieved from the literature using the Africa Journals Online (AJOL), PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases as search tools.

Environmental severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contamination in hospital rooms during the first and third coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) waves.

We investigated the frequency, distribution, and risk factors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) environmental contamination around infected patients during the first and third wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in rooms of infected patients was limited in our hospital setting.

COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome promotes a specific alternative macrophage polarization.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) alveolar environment induced a pro-repair anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. However, patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ARDS frequently exhibit a huge lung inflammation and present pulmonary scars and fibrosis more frequently than patients with non-COVID-19 ARDS, suggesting that the COVID-19 ARDS alveolar environment may drive a more inflammatory or pro-fibrotic macrophage polarization. This study aimed to determine the effect of the COVID-19 ARDS alveolar environment on macrophage polarization.

Identification of bronchoalveolar and blood immune-inflammatory biomarker signature associated with poor 28-day outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

The local immune-inflammatory response elicited by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is still poorly described, as well as the extent to which its characteristics may be associated with the outcome of critical Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this prospective monocenter study, all consecutive COVID-19 critically ill patients admitted from February to December 2020 and explored by fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were included. Biological assays, including digital ELISA cytokine profiling and targeted eicosanoid metabolomic analysis, were performed on paired blood and BAL fluid (BALF).

Differential Performance of the FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis Assay To Detect Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in Both Pediatric and Adult Populations.

Meningitis/encephalitis (ME) syndromic diagnostic assays can be applied for the rapid one-step detection of the most common pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, the comprehensive performance of multiplex assays is still under evaluation. In our multisite university hospital of eastern Paris, France, ME syndromic testing has been gradually implemented since 2017 for patients with neurological symptoms presenting to an adult or pediatric emergency unit.

A 4-days-on and 3-days-off maintenance treatment strategy for adults with HIV-1 (ANRS 170 QUATUOR): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, parallel, non-inferiority trial.

Background: Intermittent (on 4 days per week) antiretroviral therapy (ART) for patients with HIV-1 might be more convenient, better tolerated, and cheaper than continuous treatment. We aimed to establish the efficacy and safety of a 4-days-on and 3-days-off (intermittent) maintenance regimen versus a standard 7 day (continuous) maintenance regimen.

Methods: In a randomised, open-label, multicentre, parallel, non-inferiority trial, we randomly assigned (1:1) adults with HIV-1 infection with a plasma viral load (pVL) of less than 50 copies per mL for more than 12 months and no drug-resistance mutations to either the intermittent regimen or their existing continuous maintenance regimen, with stratification according to third therapeutic agent (protease inhibitor, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, or integrase-strand transfer inhibitor).