Breadth of substance use is associated with the selection of a larger food portion size via elevated impulsivity.

Substance use is associated with altered or elevated food consumption and disordered eating. In the present study we examined whether breadth (variety) of drug use was associated with elevated portion size in a general population sample as it was in persons in recovery from substance use disorder. Furthermore, measures of emotional eating, impulsivity, food misuse, food craving were taken as possible mediators and reward responsiveness was examined as a potential moderator of this association.

The role of irrational beliefs in the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and disordered eating in two general student samples.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are associated with disordered eating and negative mood. The purpose of this study was to examine whether irrational beliefs mediate this relationship along with previously reported mediators such as depression and impulsivity. Irrational beliefs trigger negative automatic thoughts which are believed, in cognitive behavior therapies, to be a source of psychopathology.

Food selection in a buffet scenario by persons in recovery from substance use disorder: Testing a parallel mediation model including impulsivity, food craving, and breadth of drug use.

Elevated food cravings and higher food consumption and body weight have been reported in studies of people in recovery from substance use disorder (SUD). In a previous study, SUD recovery status predicted the energy from selected food images in a virtual buffet meal, most strongly in those with high reward responsiveness. The present study was conducted to determine which psychological variables might mediate the relationship between SUD recovery status and food selection and to replicate the finding that reward responsiveness moderated this relationship.

Adult attachment anxiety is associated with night eating syndrome in UK and US-based samples: Two cross-sectional studies.

Previous research has shown that "attachment anxiety" is a robust predictor of disinhibited eating behaviours and that this relationship is underpinned by difficulties in managing emotion. Night eating syndrome (NES), a proposed eating disorder characterized by evening hyperphagia, nocturnal awakenings to eat, and morning anorexia, is also associated with eating to manage emotion. Across two studies (N = 276 & N = 486), we considered a relationship between attachment anxiety and NES.

Self-reported emotional eaters consume more food under stress if they experience heightened stress reactivity and emotional relief from stress upon eating.

Group data means from individuals who self-assess as emotional eaters do not reliably show increased food intake in response to stress or negative emotions. This inconsistency in predictive validity of self-reported emotional eating (EE) could be attributable to unconsidered moderation of the relationship between self-reported EE and behavioral measures of EE. Greater emotional relief from stress by eating may provide enhanced negative reinforcement and promote future EE in response to stress as a form of self-medication.

Factor structure of the Night Eating Diagnostic Questionnaire (NEDQ) and an evaluation of the diagnostic criteria of the night eating syndrome.

Background: The Night Eating Diagnostic Questionnaire (NEDQ) is a validated assessment of the night eating syndrome (NES) based on the proposed diagnostic criteria. While past results show that NEDQ is associated with psychopathology and body mass index (BMI), the relationships between the proposed NES diagnostic criteria and psychopathology and BMI have not been investigated. Thus, the relationships between the proposed NES diagnostic criteria and factors previously associated with NES, namely depression, "food addiction" (FA), sleep quality, and BMI were examined.

Food Addiction Is Associated with Irrational Beliefs via Trait Anxiety and Emotional Eating.

Irrational beliefs (IB) are believed, in cognitive behavioral therapies, to be a prime cause of psychopathologies including anxiety, depression, problem eating, and alcohol misuse. "Food addiction" (FA), which has been modeled on diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder, and emotional eating (EE) have both been implicated in the rise in overweight and obesity. Both FA and EE are associated with anxiety.

Food selection, food craving, and body mass index in persons in treatment for substance use disorder.

Studies of persons in treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) frequently report significant body weight gain and higher food consumption. It is unclear what psychological variables might mediate a relationship between SUD treatment status and food selection. To examine the association between SUD treatment status and food selection, 212 men and women (104 in treatment for SUD) were asked, in an online survey, to choose from among 16 food images in an imagined all-you-can-eat buffet scenario.

Self-perceived food addiction: Prevalence, predictors, and prognosis.

Food addiction is controversial within the scientific community. However many lay people consider themselves addicted to certain foods. We assessed the prevalence and characteristics of self-perceived "food addiction" and its relationship to a diagnostic measure of "clinical food addiction" in two samples: (1) 658 university students, and (2) 614 adults from an international online crowdsourcing platform.

Is it time to consider the "food use disorder?".

In the contemporary milieu, the term "addiction" brings to mind issues of physical dependence, uncontrolled behavior, psychoactive substances, and disease. Thus, the use of the term "food addiction" which has become common in research on binge eating and obesity, suggests a disease state characterized by craving, compulsive eating and, possibly, the presence of food constituents with drug-like properties which weaken the will power to abstain from consumption. In this commentary, the case is made that, following the trends in substance use disorder terminology, adoption of "food use disorder" as a term for compulsive eating associated with subjective loss of control may foster continued research in this area without the connotations suggested by "food addiction.

Validation of the Night Eating Diagnostic Questionnaire (NEDQ) and its relationship with depression, sleep quality, "food addiction", and body mass index.

Night eating syndrome (NES) is commonly assessed using the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), a validated scale of symptom severity, which does not assess all diagnostic criteria. The Night Eating Diagnostic Questionnaire (NEDQ) assesses all diagnostic criteria, but has not been fully validated. The study purpose was to establish convergent validity for the NEDQ with the NEQ.

Paved with good intentions: Paradoxical eating responses to weight stigma.

Because body weight is largely seen as controllable, weight stigma-the social devaluation of those who are overweight-is not subject to the social norms that condemn open expression of racism and sexism. Indeed, rejection of peers based on perceptions of excess weight is normative. Since weight stigma is internalized, popular views (and often the views of physicians) have suggested that increasing the salience of weight stigma might produce a reduction in overeating and/or an increase in physical activity.

"Food addiction" is associated with night eating severity.

Night eating syndrome (NES) and "food addiction" (FA) are associated with elevated body mass index (BMI) and disturbed eating behavior. The present study was conducted to examine whether NES is associated with FA, and whether BMI, depression and sleep quality contribute to any relationship between NES and FA. Two groups were studied: a sample of 254 university students and a sample of 244 older adults.

Alcohol, Appetite and Loss of Restraint.

Alcoholic beverages have long been associated with feasts, celebration and marking special events. Today, it is commonplace to consume alcoholic beverages before, with and/or after a meal. Alcohol provides additional pleasure to the meal and enhances appetite.

The role of emotional eating and stress in the influence of short sleep on food consumption.

Short sleep duration is associated with elevated body mass index (BMI) and increased energy consumption. The present studies were conducted to determine what role emotional eating and stress might play in these relationships. The first was an exploratory questionnaire study in which sleep quality and duration were measured in conjunction with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire in 184 women.

Night eating is associated with emotional and external eating in college students.

The night eating syndrome (NES) consists of evening hyperphagia and/or nocturnal eating and has been associated with depressed mood that worsens in the evening. However, it is not consistently related to elevated BMI. The present study was conducted to examine whether a relationship exists between NES and emotional, external, and restrained eating.

Drug use is associated with elevated food consumption in college students.

Higher food consumption, particularly of sweets, has been reported by substance-dependent persons in various stages of treatment but no investigation of substance use and actual food consumption has been conducted in non-dependent persons. Sixty-two male and female college students completed the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey and the amount of each of six snack foods (including both sweet and savory items) they consumed were measured. Participants also rated appetite before and after eating and rated the pleasantness of and desire to eat each food.

Emotional Appetite Questionnaire. Construct validity and relationship with BMI.

The Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ) comprises ratings of tendency to eat in response to both positive and negative, emotions and situations. To assess construct validity, the responses of 232 male and female participants to the EMAQ subscales were correlated with the subscales of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), which has been extensively validated. In addition, the EMAQ scores were correlated with BMI.

The effects of sham feeding-induced sensory specific satiation and food variety on subsequent food intake in humans.

Sensory specific satiation (SSS) occurs in the absence of postingestive feedback via use of a modified sham feeding procedure (MSF) which can increase satiety and fullness ratings. In the present experiment, less suppression of food intake after MSF than after eating was predicted. Furthermore, since variety tends to increase food intake, it was hypothesized that SSS to one food would suppress intake of the same food in a subsequent course compared to intake of a different food.

Preference for sweet foods and higher body mass index in patients being treated in long-term methadone maintenance.

Opiate use has been associated with preference for sweets in both humans and animals. In 2002, the food preferences and eating habits of non-institutionalized patients in methadone treatment and controls were measured and compared. Questionnaires were administered to 14 patients and 14 controls with similar demographic characteristics (there were 19 women and 9 men ranging in age from 19 to 59 years).

Elevated plasma cholecystokinin and appetitive ratings after consumption of a liquid meal in humans.

Objective: This study had two objectives. The first was to evaluate the possibility that, in a previous study, a soup preload augmented the reduction of food intake in a test meal induced by an exogenous infusion of cholecystokinin (CCK) because the soup also endogenously released CCK. The second was to compare CCK release by soup between men and women to determine whether the increased satiating effectiveness of soup in women as opposed to men could have been partly attributable to differences in CCK release.