Statin Use and Survival Among Men Receiving Androgen-Ablative Therapies for Advanced Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Epidemiological evidence supports a role for statins in improving survival in advanced prostate cancer, particularly among men receiving androgen-ablative therapies.

Objective: To study the association between statin use and survival among men with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) or androgen receptor axis-targeted therapies (ARATs).

Data Sources: This systemic review and meta-analysis used sources from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Epub Ahead of Print, Cochrane Clinical Trials, Cochrane Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science from inception to September 6, 2022.

Effect of F-DCFPyL PET/CT on the Management of Patients with Recurrent Prostate Cancer: Results of a Prospective Multicenter Registry Trial.

Background The high positivity rate of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET in the setting of biochemical failure (BCF), even when conventional imaging is negative, is promising. Purpose To assess the disease detection rate of PSMA-based PET/CT with fluorine 18-DCFPyL as a radiotracer and the PET-directed management change in men with suspected limited recurrent prostate cancer. Materials and Methods This prospective multicenter registry (Ontario PSMA-PET Registry for Recurrent Prostate Cancer, or PREP) enrolled men with BCF after primary therapy (radical prostatectomy plus or minus salvage radiation therapy or primary radiation therapy) and zero to four disease sites at conventional imaging (CT and bone scintigraphy).

Prostate cancer mortality and metastasis under different biopsy frequencies in North American active surveillance cohorts.

Background: Active surveillance (AS) is an accepted means of managing low-risk prostate cancer. Because of the rarity of downstream events, data from existing AS cohorts cannot yet address how differences in surveillance intensity affect metastasis and mortality. This study projected the comparative benefits of different AS schedules in men diagnosed with prostate cancer who had Gleason score (GS) ≤6 disease and risk profiles similar to those in North American AS cohorts.

Combining urinary DNA methylation and cell-free microRNA biomarkers for improved monitoring of prostate cancer patients on active surveillance.

Purpose: Prostate cancer (CaP) patients with low-grade tumors are enrolled in active surveillance (AS) programs and monitored with digital rectal exams (DREs), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests, and periodic invasive biopsies. Patients are "reclassified" with higher-risk disease if they show signs of disease progression. However, AS patients who will reclassify cannot be easily identified upfront and suffer morbidities associated with biopsy.

A Phase 1 Pilot Study of Preoperative Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Long-Term Toxicity and Oncologic Outcomes.

Purpose: Neoadjuvant radiation therapy (RT) improves disease control in various cancers and has become an established oncologic treatment strategy. During 2001 to 2004, we conducted a phase 1 pilot study assessing the role of short-course preoperative RT (PreORT) for men with unfavorable intermediate- and high-risk localized prostate cancer. Herein, we present long-term follow-up toxicity and oncologic outcomes.

Correction to: Number-needed-to-treat analysis of clinical progression in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in the STRIVE and TERRAIN trials.

It has been highlighted that in the original article [1] there was a typesetting mistake in the Results - NNT in Strive section. This Correction article states the incorrect and correct sentence.

Cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth in prostate cancer in a cannabinoid-receptor 2 dependent manner.

Background: Cannabinoids have demonstrated anticarcinogenic properties in a variety of malignancies, including in prostate cancer. In the present study, we explored the anti-cancer effects of the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) in prostate cancer.

Methods: Established prostate cancer cells (PC3, DU145, LNCaP) were treated with varying concentrations of WIN.

Number-needed-to-treat analysis of clinical progression in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in the STRIVE and TERRAIN trials.

Background: This analysis estimated the number needed to treat with enzalutamide versus bicalutamide to achieve one additional patient with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who would obtain clinical benefit regarding progression-free survival, radiographic progression-free survival, or no prostate-specific antigen progression at 1 and 2 years following treatment initiation.

Methods: Clinical event rates were obtained from the STRIVE (NCT01664923) and TERRAIN (NCT01288911) trials, and the number needed to treat was the inverse of the absolute rate difference between the event rates of enzalutamide and bicalutamide. The 95% Confidence Interval of the number needed to treat was derived from the 95% Confidence Interval of the event rate difference.

Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO Guideline. Part II: Recommended Approaches and Details of Specific Care Options.

Purpose: This guideline is structured to provide a clinical framework stratified by cancer severity to facilitate care decisions and guide the specifics of implementing the selected management options. The summary presented herein represents Part II of the two-part series dedicated to Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO Guideline discussing risk stratification and care options by cancer severity. Please refer to Part I for discussion of specific care options and outcome expectations and management.

Total energy expenditure and vigorous-intensity physical activity are associated with reduced odds of reclassification among men on active surveillance.

Background: Research examining the association between physical activity (PA) and prostate cancer (PCa) has accumulated; however, few studies have examined this association in the context of active surveillance. The current study examines this among men initially diagnosed with favorable-risk PCa and managed by active surveillance at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Canada and the Royal Marsden Hospital in the United Kingdom.

Methods: Participants completed a questionnaire on daily participation in non-leisure, transport, and recreational PA.

Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO Guideline. Part I: Risk Stratification, Shared Decision Making, and Care Options.

Purpose: This guideline is structured to provide a clinical framework stratified by cancer severity to facilitate care decisions and guide the specifics of implementing the selected management options. The summary presented represents Part I of the two-part series dedicated to Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO Guideline discussing risk stratification and care options by cancer severity.

Materials And Methods: The systematic review utilized in the creation of this guideline was completed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and through additional supplementation by ECRI Institute.

Evaluating Metformin as a Potential Chemosensitizing Agent when Combined with Docetaxel Chemotherapy in Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Cells.

Background/aim: Docetaxel, the first-line chemotherapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), provides certain survival benefits, but is associated with significant toxicity. A novel therapeutic approach for mCRPC is combining docetaxel with a chemosensitizing agent. We hypothesized that metformin, a potential chemosensitizer, would improve docetaxel efficacy in CRPC cells.

Comparative Analysis of Biopsy Upgrading in Four Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance Cohorts.

Background: Active surveillance (AS) is increasingly accepted for managing low-risk prostate cancer, yet there is no consensus about implementation. This lack of consensus is due in part to uncertainty about risks for disease progression, which have not been systematically compared or integrated across AS studies with variable surveillance protocols and dropout to active treatment.

Objective: To compare risks for upgrading from a Gleason score (GS) of 6 or less to 7 or more across AS studies after accounting for differences in surveillance intervals and competing treatments and to evaluate tradeoffs of more versus less frequent biopsies.

The Effect of Metformin Use during Docetaxel Chemotherapy on Prostate Cancer Specific and Overall Survival of Diabetic Patients with Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: Docetaxel is the first line chemotherapy currently used to treat patients with symptomatic metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Although it provides survival benefits, it is associated with significant side effects. Novel therapeutic options are needed for patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer and an approach is combining docetaxel with chemosensitizing agents.

New Rates of Interventions to Manage Complications of Modern Prostate Cancer Treatment in Older Men.

Background: Interventions to treat complications from prostate cancer (PCa) treatment are common and affect the course of a patient's life.

Objective: To examine rates of complications other than urinary incontinence and impotence for older patients treated for PCa.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Population-based retrospective cohort study of patients aged 65-79 yr receiving radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy (RT) from 2001 to 2008 in the US Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results and Medicare linked databases.

Identification and Validation of a Five MicroRNA Signature Predictive of Prostate Cancer Recurrence and Metastasis: A Cohort Study.

Background: MicroRNA (miRNA) have been shown to be important in regulating gene expression in prostate cancer. We used next generation miRNA sequencing to conduct a whole miRNome analysis to identify miRNAs associated with prostate cancer metastasis.

Methods: We conducted discovery and validation analyses of miRNAs among a total of 546 men who underwent surgery for prostate cancer using the development of metastasis as an endpoint.

A combination of desmopressin and docetaxel inhibit cell proliferation and invasion mediated by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in human prostate cancer cells.

Background: This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of a combination treatment using both desmopressin and docetaxel in prostate cancer treatment. Desmopressin is a well-known synthetic analogue of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. It has recently been demonstrated to inhibit tumor progression and metastasis in in vivo models.

Capsaicin reduces the metastatic burden in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model.

Background: Capsaicin, the active compound in chili peppers, has demonstrated anti- carcinogenic properties in vitro in a number of malignancies, including the prostate. In the present study, we investigate the chemopreventive potential of capsaicin on prostate cancer using the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. The TRAMP is a murine model that resembles the progression of human disease.

The effects of serum from prostate cancer patients with elevated body mass index on prostate cancer cells in vitro.

We examined whether serum from obese, compared to non-obese, PCa (prostate cancer) patients creates a growth-enhancing tumor micro-environment in vitro. Serum from 80 subjects was divided into four groups: normal weight men with and without PCa and overweight/obese men with and without PCa. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were measured in LNCaP, and PC3 cells treated with patient serum were obtained from the above groups.

Complications after radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy for prostate cancer: results of a population-based, propensity score-matched analysis.

Objective: To assess rates of treatment-related complications after radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy monotherapy, using propensity score matching to account for baseline differences between these patient populations.

Methods: On the basis of a population-based study of men undergoing surgery or radiotherapy for prostate cancer in Ontario between 2002 and 2009, we undertook a propensity score-matched analysis including age, comorbidity, and year of treatment to assess treatment-related complication end points. These included hospital admission; urologic, rectal, or anal procedures; open surgeries; and secondary malignancies.

Practice patterns of post-radical prostatectomy incontinence surgery in Ontario.

Introduction: We assess the practice patterns of artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) and urethral sling insertion after radical prostatectomy (RP) from a large population-based cohort.

Methods: We examined 25 346 men in Ontario, Canada who underwent RP between 1993 and 2006. Using hospital and cancer registry data, we identified patients who subsequently underwent an incontinence procedure.

Capsaicin: a novel radio-sensitizing agent for prostate cancer.

Introduction: Radio-sensitizing agents sensitize tumor cells to the lethal effects of radiotherapy (RT) allowing for use of lower doses of radiation to achieve equivalent cancer control, while minimizing adverse effects to normal tissues. Given their limited toxicity and ability to easily integrate into the diet, compounds occurring naturally in the diet make ideal potential radio-sensitizing agents. In this study, we have examined whether capsaicin, the active compound in chilli peppers, can modulate the response to RT in preclinical models of prostate cancer (PCa).

Active surveillance for clinically localized prostate cancer--a systematic review.

Active surveillance (AS) has been introduced as an observational strategy to delay or avoid curative treatment without compromising long-term cancer-specific survival. The 10 studies included in this review, published between 2008 and 2013, generally agreed upon patients selection for the AS strategy and how they should be managed within the program. However, uncertainties persists concerning optimal patient selection and reliable progression criteria, as well as the long-term safety of AS.