Periosteal flaps allow for single stage reconstruction of larger full thickness eyelid defects: a retrospective study.

Full-thickness lower eyelid defects after Mohs micrographic surgery are frequently referred out to oculoplastic surgery for reconstruction. Reconstructive options include wedge closure with or without canthotomy/cantholysis and tarsoconjunctival sliding flaps. Defects > 50% of the eyelid margin have traditionally required the two-stage Hughes flap, leaving the patient with monocular vision for 3-6 weeks until pedicle division.

Oral infliximab nanomedicines for targeted treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Background And Aims: Anti-TNF biological therapies such as infliximab (INF) have revolutionised the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, serious adverse effects due to systemic administration can significantly impact patient quality of life, limiting their success. Oral nanomedicines propose an innovative solution to provide local delivery to inflamed gastrointestinal tissues, thereby limiting systemic exposure and enhancing therapeutic efficacy.

Optimising PLGA-PEG Nanoparticle Size and Distribution for Enhanced Drug Targeting to the Inflamed Intestinal Barrier.

Oral nanomedicines are being investigated as an innovative strategy for targeted drug delivery to treat inflammatory bowel diseases. Preclinical studies have shown that nanoparticles (NPs) can preferentially penetrate inflamed intestinal tissues, allowing for targeted drug delivery. NP size is a critical factor affecting their interaction with the inflamed intestinal barrier and this remains poorly defined.

A retrospective cohort study of the diagnostic value of different subtypes of atypical pigment network on dermoscopy.

Background: Atypical network encompasses several patterns. Few studies assess the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of network subtypes.

Objective: We assessed the diagnostic value of atypical network subtypes and their histopathologic correlates in cutaneous melanocytic lesions.

Incorporation of dermoscopy improves inter-observer agreement among dermatopathologists in histologic assessment of melanocytic neoplasms.

Histopathologic assessment of melanocytic neoplasms is the current gold standard of diagnosis. However, there are well recognized limitations including inter-observer diagnostic discordance. This study aimed to determine if integrating dermoscopy with histopathology of melanocytic neoplasms impacts diagnosis and improves inter-observer agreement.

Integrating Next-Generation Sequencing with Morphology Improves Prognostic and Biologic Classification of Spitz Neoplasms.

The newest World Health Organization classification of skin tumors suggests the elimination of cases with BRAF and NRAS mutations from the categories of Spitz tumors (ST) and Spitz melanoma (SM). The objective of this study is to better characterize the genomics of Spitz neoplasms and assess whether the integration of genomic data with morphologic diagnosis improves classification and prognostication. We performed DNA and RNA sequencing on 80 STs, 26 SMs, and 22 melanomas with Spitzoid features (MSF).

Retrospective Cohort: Genomic Differences Between Pigmented Spindle Cell Nevi of Reed and Reed-Like Melanomas.

Background: Some melanomas closely resemble pigmented spindle cell nevi (PSCN) of Reed histologically. The distinction of these entities is important for clinical management. A recent study showed most PSCN (78%) are fusion-driven, commonly involving NTRK3 (57%).

Distinct genomic features in a retrospective cohort of mucosal, acral, and vulvovaginal melanomas.

Background: Compared with sun-exposed melanomas, less is known regarding the pathogenesis of sun-protected melanomas. Sun-protected melanomas share many epidemiologic factors, but their genetic heterogeneity is not well studied.

Objective: We investigated the genomic profile of acral, mucosal, and vulvovaginal melanomas.

Paediatric melanoma: clinical update, genetic basis, and advances in diagnosis.

Paediatric melanoma is rare and challenging to diagnose. The three subtypes are Spitzoid melanoma, melanoma arising in a congenital melanocytic nevus, and conventional (also known as adult-type) melanoma. Spitzoid melanomas have characteristic histopathological and genomic aberrations.

The role of gene fusions in melanocytic neoplasms.

Recent advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) have allowed for efficient whole transcriptome sequencing, leading to the identification of important kinase fusions as the primary driver in some melanocytic neoplasms. These fusions typically occur mutually exclusively of one another and other well-known initiating mutations such as BRAF, NRAS, NF1, KIT, and GNAQ. Fusions are found in over 50% of Spitz neoplasms, including ALK, BRAF, NTRK1, NTRK3, ROS1, MET, MAP3K8, and RET.

The future of nanomedicine in optimising the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

There have been major advancements in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) over the past three decades. However despite significant progress, the best available treatments continue to demonstrate variable efficacy in patients and are associated with adverse effects. Therefore there remains an unmet clinical need for ongoing therapeutic advances for IBD.

Activating Structural Alterations in MAPK Genes Are Distinct Genetic Drivers in a Unique Subgroup Of Spitzoid Neoplasms.

Recent studies have described kinase fusions as the most common initiating genomic events in Spitzoid neoplasms. Each rearrangement generates a chimeric protein with constitutive activation of the tyrosine kinase domain, resulting in the development of a Spitzoid neoplasm. Identifying key initiating genomic events and drivers may assist in diagnosis, prognostication, and management.

Distinct Genomic Patterns in Pigmented Epithelioid Melanocytoma: A Molecular and Histologic Analysis of 16 Cases.

Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma (PEM) is considered an intermediate grade melanocytic lesion that is histologically indistinguishable from epithelioid blue nevi associated with Carney complex. PEM are characterized by an intradermal population of heavily pigmented epithelioid-shaped melanocytes along with some spindled and dendritic melanocytes with frequent melanophages. These melanocytic tumors occasionally involve regional lymph nodes but only rarely result in distant metastases.

The role of TERT promoter mutations in differentiating recurrent nevi from recurrent melanomas: A retrospective, case-control study.

Background: Repigmentation at previous biopsy sites pose a significant diagnostic dilemma given clinical and histologic similarities between recurrent nevi and locally recurrent melanoma. Though common in melanoma, the role of TERT promoter mutations (TPMs) in recurrent nevi is unknown.

Objective: We investigated the role of TPMs in recurrent nevi and whether the presence of hotspot TPM distinguishes recurrent nevi from locally recurrent melanoma.

Adolf Wallenberg: giant in neurology and refugee from Nazi Europe.

Adolf Wallenberg became the "anatomical conscience" to at least one famed neurologist, and was known worldwide by top neurologists. His comprehensive clinical-pathological descriptions of what became known as Wallenberg Syndrome had a large impact on neurology and launched his career. He did not let a skull base injury from an accident, or his service in the German army in World War I, impede his progress.