Discrepancy in pathology reports upon second review of radical orchiectomy specimens for testicular germ cell tumors.

Introduction: We sought to evaluate the discrepancies between primary pathology report and second pathology review of radical orchiectomy (RO) specimens.

Methods: A retrospective review was performed of RO specimens from the Ontario Cancer Registry. All cases required both a primary pathology report and a second pathology review from another institution.

Cholinergic modulation of motor neurons through the C-boutons are necessary for the locomotor compensation for severe motor neuron loss during amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease progression.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron (MN) death that leads to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually death. When symptoms become clinically evident, patients and ALS model animals (mSod1 mice) have already lost a large portion of motor units, suggesting the existence of a compensatory mechanism that allows for reactively normal movement despite denervation. Furthermore, it has been shown that specialized cholinergic synapses, the C-boutons, regulate activity strength of motor output in a task dependent manner.