Length of Stay and Opioid Dose Requirement with Transversus Abdominis Plane Block vs Epidural Analgesia for Ventral Hernia Repair.

Background: Major abdominal operations often requires postoperative opioid analgesia. However, there is growing recognition of the potential for abuse. We previously reported a significant reduction in opioid consumption after implementation of an Enhanced Recovery after Surgery protocol after ventral hernia repair focusing on opioid reduction.

Asymmetrical stimulus generalization following differential fear conditioning.

Rodent ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are ethologically critical social signals. Rats emit 22kHz USVs and 50kHz USVs, respectively, in conjunction with negative and positive affective states. Little is known about what controls emotional reactivity to these social signals.