Methylation-based immune deconvolution in prostate cancer patients before and after radical prostatectomy.

Purpose: Surgery, an established short-term immunosuppressive event, may spur dissemination of circulating tumor cells and promote the growth of micrometastases. Whether surgical treatment for prostate cancer (i.e.

Drinking water source and exposure to regulated water contaminants in the California Teachers Study cohort.

Background: Pollutants including metals/metalloids, nitrate, disinfection byproducts, and volatile organic compounds contaminate federally regulated community water systems (CWS) and unregulated domestic wells across the United States. Exposures and associated health effects, particularly at levels below regulatory limits, are understudied.

Objective: We described drinking water sources and exposures for the California Teachers Study (CTS), a prospective cohort of female California teachers and administrators.

An Updated Evaluation of Atrazine-Cancer Incidence Associations among Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort.

Background: Atrazine is a common agricultural herbicide in the United States. Few epidemiologic studies have evaluated cancer risks. Previous analyses within the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) have found some evidence of associations with cancer at some sites.

Obesity and prostate cancer screening, incidence, and mortality in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial.

Background: Though obesity, measured by body mass index (BMI), is an established risk factor for several cancer sites, there is conflicting evidence on whether obesity increases prostate cancer risk or mortality and, if it does, whether it increases risk directly or indirectly by affecting prostate cancer screening efficacy.

Methods: We examined associations between BMI and prostate cancer screening outcomes, incidence, and mortality in men randomly assigned to the intervention arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (n = 36 756) between 1993 and 2001. Participants received annual screening with the prostate-specific antigen test and digital rectal exam.

Association of Frequent Aspirin Use With Ovarian Cancer Risk According to Genetic Susceptibility.

Importance: Frequent aspirin use is associated with reduced ovarian cancer risk, but it is unknown whether genetic factors modify this association. Understanding effect modifiers is important given that any use of aspirin for ovarian cancer chemoprevention will likely need to focus on specific higher-risk subgroups.

Objective: To evaluate whether the association between frequent aspirin use and ovarian cancer is modified by a polygenic score (PGS) for nonmucinous ovarian cancer.

Modification of the Association Between Frequent Aspirin Use and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis Using Individual-Level Data From Two Ovarian Cancer Consortia.

Purpose: Frequent aspirin use has been associated with reduced ovarian cancer risk, but no study has comprehensively assessed for effect modification. We leveraged harmonized, individual-level data from 17 studies to examine the association between frequent aspirin use and ovarian cancer risk, overall and across subgroups of women with other ovarian cancer risk factors.

Methods: Nine cohort studies from the Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium (n = 2,600 cases) and eight case-control studies from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (n = 5,726 cases) were included.

Circulating insulin-like growth factors and risks of overall, aggressive and early-onset prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 20 prospective studies and Mendelian randomization analysis.

Background: Previous studies had limited power to assess the associations of circulating insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) with clinically relevant prostate cancer as a primary endpoint, and the association of genetically predicted IGF-I with aggressive prostate cancer is not known. We aimed to investigate the associations of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 concentrations with overall, aggressive and early-onset prostate cancer.

Methods: Prospective analysis of biomarkers using the Endogenous Hormones, Nutritional Biomarkers and Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group dataset (up to 20 studies, 17 009 prostate cancer cases, including 2332 aggressive cases).

Circulating free testosterone and risk of aggressive prostate cancer: Prospective and Mendelian randomisation analyses in international consortia.

Previous studies had limited power to assess the associations of testosterone with aggressive disease as a primary endpoint. Further, the association of genetically predicted testosterone with aggressive disease is not known. We investigated the associations of calculated free and measured total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with aggressive, overall and early-onset prostate cancer.

Analgesic Use and Circulating Estrogens, Androgens, and Their Metabolites in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Unlabelled: Though studies have observed inverse associations between use of analgesics (aspirin, NSAIDs, and acetaminophen) and the risk of several cancers, the potential biological mechanisms underlying these associations are unclear. We investigated the relationship between analgesic use and serum concentrations of estrogens, androgens, and their metabolites among postmenopausal women to provide insights on whether analgesic use might influence endogenous hormone levels, which could in turn influence hormone-related cancer risk. The study included 1,860 postmenopausal women from two case-control studies nested within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Aspirin Use and Prostate Cancer among African-American Men in the Southern Community Cohort Study.

Background: The association of aspirin use with prostate cancer has been investigated, but few studies included African-American men. Here, we analyzed the relationship of aspirin intake with prostate cancer risk and mortality among African-American men in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS).

Methods: SCCS recruited 22,426 African-American men between 2002 and 2009.

Associations between daily aspirin use and cancer risk across strata of major cancer risk factors in two large U.S. cohorts.

Purpose: Daily aspirin use has been shown to reduce risk of colorectal, and possibly other, cancers, but it is unknown if these benefits are consistent across subgroups of people with differing cancer risk factors. We investigated whether age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, physical inactivity, and family history of cancer modify the effect of daily aspirin use on colorectal, ovarian, breast, endometrial and aggressive prostate cancer risk.

Methods: We pooled 423,495 individuals from two prospective, U.

An Up-to-date Assessment of US Prostate Cancer Incidence Rates by Stage and Race: A Novel Approach Combining Multiple Imputation with Age and Delay Adjustment.

Background: In the USA, it is unknown whether metastatic prostate cancer incidence has continued to increase and whether racial differences have persisted.

Objective: Combining multiple imputation with age and delay adjustment, we provide an up-to-date, comprehensive assessment of US prostate cancer incidence trends by stage and race.

Design, Setting, And Participants: From Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-18, 774 240 prostate cancer cases were diagnosed during 2004-2017.

Recommended Definitions of Aggressive Prostate Cancer for Etiologic Epidemiologic Research.

Background: In the era of widespread prostate-specific antigen testing, it is important to focus etiologic research on the outcome of aggressive prostate cancer, but studies have defined this outcome differently. We aimed to develop an evidence-based consensus definition of aggressive prostate cancer using clinical features at diagnosis for etiologic epidemiologic research.

Methods: Among prostate cancer cases diagnosed in 2007 in the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-18 database with follow-up through 2017, we compared the performance of categorizations of aggressive prostate cancer in discriminating fatal prostate cancer within 10 years of diagnosis, placing the most emphasis on sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV).

Aspirin use and ovarian cancer risk using extended follow-up of the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial.

Objective: Frequent use of aspirin has been associated with reduced ovarian cancer risk in observational studies, but it is unclear if only daily, low-dose aspirin confers a protective benefit. We examined associations between patterns of aspirin use and ovarian cancer risk among postmenopausal women in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial.

Methods: Participants were enrolled in PLCO between 1993 and 2001 and followed for cancer outcomes through 2014.

Use of Aspirin and Statins in Relation to Inflammation in Benign Prostate Tissue in the Placebo Arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial.

Aspirin and statin use may lower the risk of advanced/fatal prostate cancer, possibly by reducing intraprostatic inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the association of aspirin and statin use with the presence and extent of intraprostatic inflammation, and the abundance of specific immune cell types, in benign prostate tissue from a subset of men from the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Men were classified as aspirin or statin users if they reported use at baseline or during the 7-year trial.

Overall and abdominal obesity and prostate cancer risk in a West African population: An analysis of the Ghana Prostate Study.

Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. However, most studies have been conducted among North American and European populations. Prostate cancer mortality appears elevated in West Africa, yet risk factors for prostate cancer in this region are unknown.

A prospective analysis of health-related quality of life in intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer patients managed with intensity modulated radiation therapy, with vs. without hormonal therapy.

Introduction: Combined radiotherapy and hormonal treatment are recommended for intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer (CaP). This study compared the long-term effects on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of intermediate- and high-risk CaP patients managed with radiation therapy (RT) with vs. without hormone therapy (HT).

A prospective study of health-related quality of life outcomes among men treated for intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer: the impact of primary and secondary therapies.

Introduction: To assess the impact of primary and secondary therapies for high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer on health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Materials And Methods: A prospective study was initiated in 2007 at Center for Prostate Disease Research Multicenter National Database sites. Longitudinal patterns in HRQoL from baseline (pre-treatment) to 5 years post-diagnosis were examined for patients with high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer, treated by radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT).

Impact of Subsequent Biopsies on Comprehensive Health Related Quality of Life in Patients with and without Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of subsequent prostate needle biopsies after the baseline biopsy on health related quality of life with time. We compared men with and without prostate cancer, and men who did and did not undergo followup prostate needle biopsy.

Materials And Methods: Included in analysis were patients enrolled in the Center for Prostate Disease Research Multicenter National Database between 2007 and 2015 who had low or favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer, were on active surveillance and underwent prostate needle biopsy for suspicion of prostate cancer.

Aspirin and Non-Aspirin NSAID Use and Prostate Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Case Fatality in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

Background: NSAIDs appear to moderately reduce prostate cancer risk. However, evidence is limited on whether NSAIDs protect against prostate cancer mortality (death from prostate cancer among men without a cancer history) and case fatality (death from prostate cancer among men with prostate cancer), and whether benefits are consistent in white and black men. This study investigated associations of aspirin and non-aspirin (NA) NSAID use with prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and case fatality in a population-based cohort of white and black men.

Alkaline Phosphatase Kinetics Predict Metastasis among Prostate Cancer Patients Who Experience Relapse following Radical Prostatectomy.

Introduction: Metastasis prostate cancer (CaP) occurs in a small fraction of patients. Improved prognostication of disease progression is a critical challenge. This study examined alkaline phosphatase velocity (APV) in predicting distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS).

Longitudinal regret after treatment for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer.

Background: Prostate cancer patients diagnosed with low- and intermediate-risk disease have several treatment options. Decisional regret after treatment is a concern, especially when poor oncologic outcomes or declines in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) occur. This study assessed determinants of longitudinal decisional regret in prostate cancer patients attending a multidisciplinary clinic and treated with radical prostatectomy (RP), external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), brachytherapy (BT), or active surveillance (AS).