Naturally acquired functional antibody responses to group A differ between major strain types.

Group A (GAS) is a leading human pathogen for which there is no licensed vaccine. Infections are most common in young children and the elderly suggesting immunity accumulates with exposure until immune senescence in older age. Though protection has been postulated to be strain type specific, based on the M-protein (-type), the antigenic basis of population-level immunity remains poorly understood.

Human antibody profiling technologies for autoimmune disease.

Autoimmune diseases are caused by the break-down in self-tolerance mechanisms and can result in the generation of autoantibodies specific to human antigens. Human autoantigen profiling technologies such as solid surface arrays and display technologies are powerful high-throughput technologies utilised to discover and map novel autoantigens associated with disease. This review compares human autoantigen profiling technologies including the application of these approaches in chronic and post-infectious autoimmune disease.

The effect of needle length and skin to deltoid muscle distance in adults receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.

Background: The mRNA COVID vaccines are only licensed for intramuscular injection but it is unclear whether successful intramuscular administration is required for immunogenicity.

Methods: In this observational study, eligible adults receiving their first Comirnaty/BNT162b2 dose had their skin to deltoid muscle distance (SDMD) measured by ultrasound. The relationship between SDMD and height, weight, body mass index, and arm circumference was assessed.

Charting elimination in the pandemic: a SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey of blood donors in New Zealand.

New Zealand has a strategy of eliminating SARS-CoV-2 that has resulted in a low incidence of reported coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to describe the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in New Zealand via a nationwide serosurvey of blood donors. Samples (n = 9806) were collected over a month-long period (3 December 2020-6 January 2021) from donors aged 16-88 years.

Mapping Autoantibodies in Children With Acute Rheumatic Fever.

Background: Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a serious sequela of Group A (GAS) infection associated with significant global mortality. Pathogenesis remains poorly understood, with the current prevailing hypothesis based on molecular mimicry and the notion that antibodies generated in response to GAS infection cross-react with cardiac proteins such as myosin. Contemporary investigations of the broader autoantibody response in ARF are needed to both inform pathogenesis models and identify new biomarkers for the disease.

Antibody responses to collagen peptides and streptococcal collagen-like 1 proteins in acute rheumatic fever patients.

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a serious post-infectious immune sequelae of Group A streptococcus (GAS). Pathogenesis remains poorly understood, including the events associated with collagen autoantibody generation. GAS express streptococcal collagen-like proteins (Scl) that contain a collagenous domain resembling human collagen.

Collaborative networks enable the rapid establishment of serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 during nationwide lockdown in New Zealand.

Background: Serological assays that detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are critical for determining past infection and investigating immune responses in the COVID-19 pandemic. We established ELISA-based immunoassays using locally produced antigens when New Zealand went into a nationwide lockdown and the supply chain of diagnostic reagents was a widely held domestic concern. The relationship between serum antibody binding measured by ELISA and neutralising capacity was investigated using a surrogate viral neutralisation test (sVNT).