Peripheral vascular endothelial growth factor changes after transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression.

Objectives: To determine if vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) changes with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods: Serum from a naturalistic population of 15 patients with MDD was collected at baseline and after standard TMS treatment. VEGF concentration was determined via ELISA.