Evaluating adherence to American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines at the first obstetric visit.

Objective: This is a prospective observational cohort study with the objective of assessing adherence to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines regarding the first prenatal visit and determining what patient and provider factors are associated with high adherence in a faculty obstetric clinic at an academic medical center.

Methods: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines recommend addressing 72 topics early in prenatal care. A research assistant observed the first prenatal encounter and noted which topics were discussed during the visit.

Breastmilk influences development and composition of the oral microbiome.

Background: Human microbiomes assemble in an ordered, reproducible manner yet there is limited information about early colonisation and development of bacterial communities that constitute the oral microbiome.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of exposure to breastmilk on assembly of the infant oral microbiome during the first 20 months of life.

Methods: The oral microbiomes of 39 infants, 13 who were never breastfed and 26 who were breastfed for more than 10 months, from the longitudinal VicGeneration birth cohort study, were determined at four ages.

The undergraduate research experience as a vehicle for employability development-The student participants speak.

The employability of science graduates if of key concern. Employers report that STEM graduates lack appropriate employability skills and work experience, and science graduates take longer to find full-time work than graduates from many other programs. Undergraduate research experience (URE) is an important pedagogy that involves student immersion in a professional research environment-as such it provides an opportunity for science students to develop their understanding of the world of work, and of their own developing employability.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome in Children: Consider Monitoring for Bronchiolitis Obliterans.

We reviewed patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) evaluated at Children's Hospital Colorado and investigated the occurrence of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). Approximately 9% of patients with SJS developed BO. Pediatricians should consider monitoring patients with SJS for BO, especially those with recurrent SJS and patients treated with mechanical ventilation.

Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Children.

Background: There are limited pediatric data regarding severe COVID-19 disease. Our study aims to describe the epidemiology and identify risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease in children.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study among children with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR from March to July 2020 at Children's Hospital Colorado.

Health promotion competencies for promoting child-oral health: Victorian multidisciplinary workforce perspectives.

Issue Addressed: Population oral health (OH) improvements depend on successful, coordinated execution of oral health promotion (OHP) programs by both oral and general health professionals with key competencies (skills, abilities, knowledge and values). This study explored multidisciplinary professionals' perspectives of the competencies required for the successful implementation of a community-based OHP program called Smiles 4 Miles (S4M) in early childhood settings in Victoria, Australia.

Methods: Convenience sampling was used to recruit multidisciplinary professionals working in the S4M early childhood health promotion program in Victoria.

Cytokine signature of inflammation mediated by autoreactive Th-cells, in calf muscle of claudicating patients with Fontaine stage II peripheral artery disease.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD), a severe atherosclerotic condition primarily of the elderly, afflicts 200 million individuals, worldwide, and is associated with lower extremity myopathy. Circulating markers of inflammation have been linked to risk and severity of PAD but the contribution of local inflammation to myopathy remains unknown. We evaluated, by ELISA, calf muscle of PAD patients (N = 23) and control subjects (N = 18) for local expression of inflammatory cytokines including Granulocyte/Monocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Interleukin 17A (IL-17A), Interferon ϒ (IFN-ϒ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and Interleukin 6 (IL-6).

Nutrition and oral health in early childhood: associations with formal and informal childcare.

Objective: To examine associations between childcare type and nutrition and oral health indicators.

Design: Cross-sectional data extracted from a longitudinal birth cohort. Parent-completed FFQ and questions regarding oral health and childcare use.

Identifying predictors of early childhood caries among Australian children using sequential modelling: Findings from the VicGen birth cohort study.

Objectives: The aim of this birth cohort study was to identify concurrent associations between early childhood caries and putative risk and protective factors.

Methods: Data were collected in seven waves over five years. The study outcome measure, dmfs, was modelled in a set of sequential negative binomial regressions that introduced the variables in steps starting from health determinants most distal to the child and ending with the more proximal ones.

Natural history of dental caries: Baseline characteristics of the VicGen birth cohort study.

Background: Early-life dental caries is a major global health problem. Children's first dental visit is recommended at 2 years age. The VicGeneration (VicGen) oral health birth cohort study aims to understand the multifactorial nature of early childhood caries.

Family-centred oral health promotion through Victorian child-health services: a pilot.

Maternal and Child Health Services (MCHS) provide ideal settings for oral disease prevention. In Victoria (Australia), child mouth-checks (Lift-the-Lip) and oral health promotion (OHP) occur during MCHS child visits. This study trialled Tooth-Packs (OHP resources, toothbrushes, toothpastes) distribution within MCHS to (i) assess the impacts of Tooth-Packs distribution on child and family oral health (OH) behaviours and knowledge, including Maternal and Child Health Nurses (MCHN) child referral practices to dental services, and (ii) determine the feasibility and acceptability of incorporating Tooth-Packs distribution into MCHN OHP practices.

Feasibility and development of a cariogenic diet scale for epidemiological research.

Background: Diet cariogenicity plays a major role as both a protective and risk factor in the development of early childhood caries (ECC).

Aim: Develop a scale measuring the cariogenicity of foods and beverages and employ it to describe the cariogenicity of young children's diets and predict dental caries outcomes.

Design: Scores of cariogenicity and consumption frequency were applied to food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) collected from an Australian children's cohort study with three time-points of data.

The influence of medical school on career choice: A longitudinal study of students' attitudes toward a career in general surgery.

Background: Less than 80% of general surgery (GS) residency positions are filled by graduates from allopathic, U.S. medical schools.

A systematic review to assess the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties for caries risk assessment tools for young children.

Background: At present, there are numerous caries risk assessment tools (CRATs) being promoted for disease management. However, the evidence to inform CRAT selection is unclear.

Aim: This review aimed to assess the strength of evidence to inform the selection of CRATs for children ages 6 years and less.

Cluster randomised trial of a school-community child health promotion and obesity prevention intervention: findings from the evaluation of fun 'n healthy in Moreland!

Background: Multi-level, longer-term obesity prevention interventions that focus on inequalities are scarce. Fun 'n healthy in Moreland! aimed to improve child adiposity, school policies and environments, parent engagement, health behaviours and child wellbeing.

Methods: All children from primary schools in an inner urban, culturally diverse and economically disadvantaged area in Victoria, Australia were eligible for participation.

Model for prioritization of Graduate Medical Education funding at a university setting - Engagement of GME committee with the Clinical Enterprise.

Background: Funding for graduate medical education (GME) is becoming scarce and is likely to worsen. There is a higher degree of accountability and return on investment demanded from public funds dedicated to GME. Academic centers (AC) partnered with clinical enterprises (CE) are finding it increasingly difficult to retain sustainable funding streams for GME activities.

Trends in the match rate and composition of candidates matching into categorical general surgery residency positions in the United States.

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the trends in the proportion of students from various educational backgrounds who matched into categorical general surgery (GS) residency positions.

Methods: National Resident Matching Program reports (1994 to 2014) were analyzed, and regression was used to estimate the trends for each group.

Results: The match rate into GS-categorical residency has remained stable; however, since 1994, we witnessed a 13% decrease in US seniors matching into GS.

Developing a model to assess community-level risk of oral diseases for planning public dental services in Australia.

Background: Poor oral health is a chronic condition that can be extremely costly to manage. In Australia, publicly funded dental services are provided to community members deemed to be eligible-those who are socio-economically disadvantaged or determined to be at higher risk of dental disease. Historically public dental services have nominally been allocated based on the size of the eligible population in a geographic area.

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 produced by vascular smooth muscle cells predicts fibrosis in the gastrocnemius of patients with peripheral artery disease.

Background: Lower leg ischemia, myopathy, and limb dysfunction are distinguishing features of peripheral artery disease (PAD). The myopathy of PAD is characterized by myofiber degeneration in association with extracellular matrix expansion, and increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1; a pro-fibrotic cytokine). In this study, we evaluated cellular expression of TGF-β1 in gastrocnemius of control (CTRL) and PAD patients and its relationship to deposited collagen, fibroblast accumulation and limb hemodynamics.

The evaluation of an oral health education program for midwives in Australia.

Background: Antenatal care providers are now recommended to promote oral health during pregnancy and provide dental referrals. However, midwives in Australia are not trained to undertake this role. To address this shortcoming, an online evidence based midwifery initiated oral health (MIOH) education program was systematically developed as a professional development activity.

Reviewing public policy for promoting population oral health in Victoria, Australia (2007-12).

Objective: Government policy and planning set the direction for community decisions related to resource allocation, infrastructure, services, programs, workforce and social environments. The aim ofthe present study was to examine the policy and planning context for oral health promotion in Victoria, Australia, over the period 2007-12.

Methods: Key Victorian policies and plans related to oral health promotion in place during the 2007-12 planning cycle were identified through online searching, and content analysis was performed.

Natural history of dental caries in very young Australian children.

Background: Whilst the global burden of caries is increasing, the trajectory of decay in young children and the point at which prevention should occur has not been well established.

Aim: To identify the 'natural history' of dental caries in early childhood.

Design: A birth cohort study was established with 467 mother/child dyads followed at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 36 months of age.

Macrophage gene expression associated with remodeling of the prepartum rat cervix: microarray and pathway analyses.

As the critical gatekeeper for birth, prepartum remodeling of the cervix is associated with increased resident macrophages (Mφ), proinflammatory processes, and extracellular matrix degradation. This study tested the hypothesis that expression of genes unique to Mφs characterizes the prepartum from unremodeled nonpregnant cervix. Perfused cervix from prepartum day 21 postbreeding (D21) or nonpregnant (NP) rats, with or without Mφs, had RNA extracted and whole genome microarray analysis performed.