Determination of vitamin D conjugated metabolites: a complementary view on hydroxylated metabolites.

Experts typically define vitamin D deficiency levels by the determination of a circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D-calcifediol prohormone. A large part of the population is characterized by deficient vitamin D levels (calcifediol < 20 ng mL) despite individuals not being affected by any disorder. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D) and/or calcifediol supplementation is a common practice for vitamin D-deficient individuals as recommended by international scientific societies and official agencies.

The role of ultrasound in pharmaceutical production: sonocrystallization.

Objectives: The main aim of this review was to develop a critical discussion of the key role ultrasound (US) can play on the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) by discussing the versatile effect this type of energy produces.

Methods: The different crystallization techniques that can be assisted and improved by US are discussed in the light of the available US devices and the effect pursued by application of US energy. Simple and complex analytical methods to monitor API changes are also discussed.