Surgical Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with a Tumor Thrombus Invading the Right Atrium: A Case Report.

Up to 3% of all hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) present with a tumor thrombus (TT) in the inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium (RA). Extensive growth of HCC into the IVC and the RA is associated with a particularly poor prognosis. This clinical condition is related to a high risk of sudden death due to pulmonary embolism or acute heart failure.