[Changes in the routine work and moral distress in psychiatric care during the COVID-19 pandemic : A survey among physicians active in inpatient care in Germany].

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic a number of ethical challenges have arisen in the healthcare system. A psychological response to moral challenges is termed moral distress (MD).

Objective: Identification of causes of MD in inpatient psychiatric care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.

Basolateral activation with TLR agonists induces polarized cytokine release and reduces barrier function in RPE in vitro.

Purpose: Systemic inflammation may be of importance in the development of AMD. RPE cells can recognize danger signals with toll-like receptors (TLR) and may react in a pro-inflammatory manner. In this study, we evaluated the basal and apical secretions of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β in primary RPE cells and RPE/choroid explant cells under basolateral stimulation of TLR2, 3, and 4; the effects on barrier function; and their influence on neuronal cell viability.