Radiographic humeral head restoration after total shoulder arthroplasty: does the stem make a difference?

Background: Humeral stem designs for total shoulder arthroplasty have varied over the years, with a recent trend toward shorter stems. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of humeral component stem length on the ability to restore the native humeral head anatomy.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review including patients who underwent total shoulder arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis between 2007 and 2017 with complete operative reports and adequate radiographs.

Reduced Resting-State Connectivity in the Precuneus is correlated with Apathy in Patients with Schizophrenia.

A diagnosis of schizophrenia is associated with a heterogeneous psychopathology including positive and negative symptoms. The disconnection hypothesis, an early pathophysiological framework conceptualizes the diversity of symptoms as a result of disconnections in neural networks. In line with this hypothesis, previous neuroimaging studies of patients with schizophrenia reported alterations within the default mode network (DMN), the most prominent network at rest.

New Graph-Theoretical-Multimodal Approach Using Temporal and Structural Correlations Reveals Disruption in the Thalamo-Cortical Network in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia has been understood as a network disease with altered functional and structural connectivity in multiple brain networks compatible to the extremely broad spectrum of psychopathological, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms in this disorder. When building brain networks, functional and structural networks are typically modeled independently: Functional network models are based on temporal correlations among brain regions, whereas structural network models are based on anatomical characteristics. Combining both features may give rise to more realistic and reliable models of brain networks.

Lower Trapezius Tendon Transfer for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears.

The treatment of the massive irreparable rotator cuff tear poses a challenging problem. Tendon transfers offer a solution for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. The lower trapezius tendon transfer with incorporation of an Achilles tendon allograft has emerged as an effective way to restore strength and function in select patients.

Surgical Treatment of Distal Biceps Ruptures.

Distal biceps ruptures occur from eccentric loading of a flexed elbow. Patients treated nonoperatively have substantial loss of strength in elbow flexion and forearm supination. Surgical approaches include 1-incision and 2-incision techniques.

Human and other mammalian bite injuries of the hand: evaluation and management.

The hand is the most common site for bite injuries. Because of specific characteristics of hand anatomy, bite mechanics, and organisms found in human and animal saliva, even small wounds can lead to aggressive infections. Failure to recognize and treat hand bites can result in significant morbidity.

Tricyclic antidepressants, but not the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine, bind to the S1S2 domain of AMPA receptors.

The hypothesis that depression is caused solely by a decrease in synaptic availability of monoaminergic neurotransmitters has been questioned over the past two decades. Based on accumulating data, it seems more plausible that cross-talk exists between neurotransmitters in the CNS, including the glutamatergic system. Glutamate, the major fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, is the natural agonist for the ionotropic glutamate receptors, a family of ligand-gated ion channels including NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), AMPA (amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid), and kainate receptors.

Differential regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors.

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), a family of ligand-gated ion channels, are responsible for the majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Within this family, different members serve distinct roles at glutamatergic synapses. Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors mediate fast depolarization while N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate the slower component of the excitatory postsynaptic potential.

Linking tricyclic antidepressants to ionotropic glutamate receptors.

Although tricyclic antidepressants have been in existence since the 1940s when they were discovered upon screening iminodibenzyl derivatives for other potential therapeutic uses, their mechanism of action has remained unclear [A. Goodman Gilman, T.W.

Identification of a neurosteroid binding site contained within the GluR2-S1S2 domain.

Glutamate receptors play a major role in neural cell plasticity, growth, and maturation. The degree to which ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) conduct current is dependent on binding of extracellular ligands, of which glutamate is the native agonist. Although the glutamate binding site of the GluR2 class of amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) iGluR has been structurally characterized, the allosteric sites attributed to neurosteroid binding have yet to be localized.