Characterization of molecular attributes that influence LINE-1 restriction by all seven human APOBEC3 proteins.

LINE-1 (L1) is a non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon inserted throughout the human genome. APOBEC3 (A3) proteins are part of a network of host intrinsic defenses capable of restricting retroviruses and the replication of L1 retroelements. These enzymes inactivate retroviruses primarily through deamination of single-stranded viral DNA.

Stat-6 signaling pathway and not Interleukin-1 mediates multi-walled carbon nanotube-induced lung fibrosis in mice: insights from an adverse outcome pathway framework.

Background: The accumulation of MWCNTs in the lung environment leads to inflammation and the development of disease similar to pulmonary fibrosis in rodents. Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) are a framework for defining and organizing the key events that comprise the biological changes leading to undesirable events. A putative AOP has been developed describing MWCNT-induced pulmonary fibrosis; inflammation and the subsequent healing response induced by inflammatory mechanisms have been implicated in disease progression.