The emotional impact of baseless discrediting of knowledge: An empirical investigation of epistemic injustice.

According to theoretical work on epistemic injustice, baseless discrediting of the knowledge of people with marginalized social identities is a central driver of prejudice and discrimination. Discrediting of knowledge may sometimes be subtle, but it is pernicious, inducing chronic stress and coping strategies such as emotional avoidance. In this research, we sought to deepen the understanding of epistemic injustice's impact by examining emotional responses to being discredited and assessing if marginalized social group membership predicts these responses.

Who attributes what to whom? Moral values and relational context shape causal attribution to the person or the situation.

Eight preregistered studies (total N = 3,758) investigate the role of values and relational context in attributions for moral violations, focusing on the following questions: (1) Do people's values influence their attributions? (2) Do people's relationships with the violator (self, close other, distant other) influence their attributions? (3) Do the principles intrinsic to the violated values (e.g., loyalty to close others) further influence their attributions? We found that participants were more likely to attribute violations by distant others to the person committing the violation, rather than the situation in which the violation occurred, when participants endorsed the violated values themselves.

It's Not the Flu: Popular Perceptions of the Impact of COVID-19 in the U.S.

Messaging from U.S. authorities about COVID-19 has been widely divergent.

Making moral principles suit yourself.

Normative ethical theories and religious traditions offer general moral principles for people to follow. These moral principles are typically meant to be fixed and rigid, offering reliable guides for moral judgment and decision-making. In two preregistered studies, we found consistent evidence that agreement with general moral principles shifted depending upon events recently accessed in memory.

Moral Values Reveal the Causality Implicit in Verb Meaning.

Prior work has found that moral values that build and bind groups-that is, the binding values of ingroup loyalty, respect for authority, and preservation of purity-are linked to blaming people who have been harmed. The present research investigated whether people's endorsement of binding values predicts their assignment of the causal locus of harmful events to the victims of the events. We used an implicit causality task from psycholinguistics in which participants read a sentence in the form "SUBJECT verbed OBJECT because…" where male and female proper names occupy the SUBJECT and OBJECT position.

A counterfactual explanation for the action effect in causal judgment.

People's causal judgments are susceptible to the action effect, whereby they judge actions to be more causal than inactions. We offer a new explanation for this effect, the counterfactual explanation: people judge actions to be more causal than inactions because they are more inclined to consider the counterfactual alternatives to actions than to consider counterfactual alternatives to inactions. Experiment 1a conceptually replicates the original action effect for causal judgments.

Partisan mathematical processing of political polling statistics: It's the expectations that count.

In this research, we investigated voters' mathematical processing of election-related information before and after the 2012 and 2016 U.S. Presidential Elections.

Acknowledging and managing deep constraints on moral agency and the self.

Doris proposes that the exercise of morally responsible agency unfolds as a collaborative dialogue among selves expressing their values while being subject to ever-present constraints. We assess the fit of Doris's account with recent data from psychology and neuroscience related to how people make judgments about moral agency (responsibility, blame), and how they understand the self after traumatic events.

The behavioral and neural signatures of distinct conceptions of fairness.

Adhering to standard procedures (impartiality), returning favors (reciprocity) or giving based on individuals' needs (charity) may all be considered moral and/or fair ways to allocate resources. However, these allocation behaviors may be perceived as differently motivated, and their moral evaluation may make different demands on theory of mind (ToM) - the capacity to process information about mental states, including motives. In Studies 1 and 2, we examined participants' moral judgments of allocations based on (1) impartiality, (2) reciprocity, (3) charity and (4) unspecified criteria as depicted in vignettes, as well as participants' perceptions of allocators' motivations.

Quantifying a threat: Evidence of a numeric processing bias.

Humans prioritize the processing of threats over neutral stimuli; thus, not surprisingly, the presence of threats has been shown to alter performance on both perceptual and cognitive tasks. Yet whether the quantification process is disrupted in the presence of threat is unknown. In three experiments, we examined numerical estimation and discrimination abilities in adults in the context of threatening (spiders) and non-threatening (e.

When and Why We See Victims as Responsible: The Impact of Ideology on Attitudes Toward Victims.

Why do victims sometimes receive sympathy for their suffering and at other times scorn and blame? Here we show a powerful role for moral values in attitudes toward victims. We measured moral values associated with unconditionally prohibiting harm ("individualizing values") versus moral values associated with prohibiting behavior that destabilizes groups and relationships ("binding values": loyalty, obedience to authority, and purity). Increased endorsement of binding values predicted increased ratings of victims as contaminated (Studies 1-4); increased blame and responsibility attributed to victims, increased perceptions of victims' (versus perpetrators') behaviors as contributing to the outcome, and decreased focus on perpetrators (Studies 2-3).

Early microbial markers of celiac disease.

Background And Goals: Seroreactivity against the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA), Pseudomonas fluorescens-associated sequence (I2), and Bacteroides caccae TonB-linked outer membrane protein (OmpW) has been detected in celiac disease patients with small-bowel mucosal atrophy. Levels of these antibodies decrease during a gluten-free diet, but their functions and time of appearance in celiac disease are not known. We aimed to search for evidence of possible microbial targets of the immune responses in the early-stage celiac disease patients who showed normal small-bowel mucosal architecture at the time of the first investigations, but later on a gluten-containing diet developed mucosal atrophy.

Caring across boundaries versus keeping boundaries intact: links between moral values and interpersonal orientations.

Prior work has established robust diversity in the extent to which different moral values are endorsed. Some people focus on values related to caring and fairness, whereas others assign additional moral weight to ingroup loyalty, respect for authority and established hierarchies, and purity concerns. Five studies explore associations between endorsement of distinct moral values and a suite of interpersonal orientations: Machiavellianism, prosocial resource distribution, Social Dominance Orientation, and reported likelihood of helping and not helping kin and close friends versus acquaintances and neighbors.

Childhood growth and future development of psychotic disorder among Helsinki high-risk children.

Background: The Helsinki High-Risk (HR) Study is a follow-up study of offspring (born between 1960 and 1964) of all females treated for schizophrenia spectrum disorders in mental hospitals in Helsinki before 1975, and controls.

Aim: To compare childhood growth among HR and control children, and to determine if any patterns in childhood growth predict later development of psychotic disorders within the HR group.

Methods: We accessed growth information from childhood health cards, which we obtained for 114 HR and 53 control offspring.

Cumulative incidence of mental disorders among offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder. Results from the Helsinki High-Risk Study.

Background: The Helsinki High-Risk Study follows up all women born between 1916 and 1948 and treated for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in psychiatric hospitals in Helsinki, their offspring born between 1960 and 1964, and controls.

Aims: To determine the cumulative incidence of adulthood Axis I disorders among offspring.

Method: Using all hospital and out-patient treatment records we rediagnosed parents and offspring according to DSM-IV-TR criteria.

Do maternal psychotic symptoms predict offspring's psychotic disorder? Findings from the Helsinki High-Risk Study.

The Helsinki High-Risk (HR) Study is a follow-up study of 179 offspring born to mothers with DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, other schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and affective psychoses. Mothers comprised all female patients born between 1916 and 1948 who had been treated with hospital diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizophreniform, or schizoaffective psychoses in any mental hospital in the city of Helsinki up to 1974, and who had given birth in Helsinki between 1960 and 1964. In this report we conducted a principal factor analysis of maternal symptoms using 12 items of the Major Symptoms of Schizophrenia Scale (MSSS), the global ratings of anhedonia-asociality and avolition-apathy from the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), and the global rating of bizarre behavior from the Scale for the Assessment of Positive symptoms (SAPS), and examined whether the factor scores predicted the offspring's morbidity from psychotic disorders.

Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from high-risk studies.

According to cohort studies, individuals who develop schizophrenia in adulthood show developmental abnormalities in childhood. These include delays in attainment of speech and motor milestones, problems in social adjustment, and poorer academic and cognitive performance. Another method of investigating developmental abnormalities associated with schizophrenia is the high-risk (HR) method, which follows up longitudinally the development of children at high risk for schizophrenia.