Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and chromosomal aberrations: clinical heterogeneity and implications on the health of elderly men, case series.

Background: Hypogonadism in older men is often considered as late onset hypogonadism. However, this clinical condition results from primary testicular failure which could be of genetic origin with Klinefelter syndrome being the most common chromosomal abnormality associated with it.

Case Presentation: We report a heterogeneous group of cases who were diagnosed with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in their adulthood and were found to have rare chromosomal aberrations.

Quantitative MRI evaluation of whole abdomen adipose tissue volumes in healthy volunteers-validation of technique and implications for clinical studies.

Objective: To explore "whole abdomen" MRI methods for quantifying adipose tissue volumes and to establish associations with body mass index (BMI) and measurement reproducibility-relative to existing "partial abdomen" methods.

Methods: 15 healthy volunteers were scanned on a 3T MRI scanner using a double-echo three-point-Dixon gradient echo sequence. Whole abdomen volumes were acquired via three separate scans ("supine 1", "supine 2" and "prone").

Pharmacokinetics of metformin in patients with gastrointestinal intolerance.

Aims: To assess potential causes of metformin intolerance, including altered metformin uptake from the intestine, increased anaerobic glucose utilization and subsequent lactate production, altered serotonin uptake, and altered bile acid pool.

Methods: For this pharmacokinetic study, we recruited 10 severely intolerant and 10 tolerant individuals, matched for age, sex and body mass index. A single 500-mg dose of metformin was administered, with blood sampling at 12 time points over 24 hours.

Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract.

Metformin is an effective agent with a good safety profile that is widely used as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, yet its mechanisms of action and variability in terms of efficacy and side effects remain poorly understood. Although the liver is recognised as a major site of metformin pharmacodynamics, recent evidence also implicates the gut as an important site of action. Metformin has a number of actions within the gut.