ADP heptose, a novel pathogen-associated molecular pattern identified in .

The gastric pathogen activates the NF-κB pathway in human epithelial cells the recently discovered α-kinase 1 TRAF-interacting protein with forkhead-associated domain (TIFA) axis. We and others showed that this pathway can be triggered by heptose 1,7-bisphosphate (HBP), an LPS intermediate produced in gram-negative bacteria that represents a new pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). Here, we report that our attempts to identify HBP in lysates of revealed surprisingly low amounts, failing to explain NF-κB activation.