Salivary concentrations of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and matrix metallopeptidase-9 following a single bout of exercise are associated with intensity and hydration status.

Aim: To investigate the effects of exercise on salivary concentrations of inflammatory markers by analyzing a panel of 25 inflammatory markers in subjects who had participated in bicycle ergometer tests varying in workload and hydration status.

Methods: Fifteen healthy young men (20-35 years) had performed 4 different exercise protocols of 1 hour duration in a randomly assigned cross-over design, preceded by a rest protocol. Individual workloads depended on participant's pre-assessed individual maximum workload (Wmax): rest (protocol 1), 70% Wmax in hydrated (protocol 2) and dehydrated (protocol 3) state, 50% Wmax (protocol 4) and intermittent 85%/55% Wmax in 2 min blocks (protocol 5).

Flood Control: How Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Can Help to Improve the Intestinal Barrier Function and Break the Gut-Joint Axis in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Unlabelled: Many studies provided compelling evidence that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the regulation of the immune response, acting as both enhancers and dampeners of the immune system, depending on the source and type of vesicle. Research, including ours, has shown anti-inflammatory effects of milk-derived EVs, using human breast milk as well as bovine colostrum and store-bought pasteurized cow milk, in systems as well as therapeutically in animal models. Although it is not completely elucidated which proteins and miRNAs within the milk-derived EVs contribute to these immunosuppressive capacities, one proposed mechanism of action of the EVs is the modulation of the crosstalk between the (intestinal) microbiome and their host health.

Kinetics of Physiological Responses as a Measure of Intensity and Hydration Status During Experimental Physical Stress in Human Volunteers.

Introduction: Strenuous physical stress induces a range of physiological responses, the extent depending, among others, on the nature and severity of the exercise, a person's training level and overall physical resilience. This principle can also be used in an experimental set-up by measuring time-dependent changes in biomarkers for physiological processes. In a previous report, we described the effects of workload delivered on a bicycle ergometer on intestinal functionality.

Plasma citrulline concentration, a marker for intestinal functionality, reflects exercise intensity in healthy young men.

Background & Aims: Plasma citrulline concentration is considered to be a marker for enterocyte metabolic mass and to reflect its reduction as may occur during intestinal dysfunction. Strenuous exercise can act as a stressor to induce small intestinal injury. Our previous studies suggest that this comprises the intestinal ability to produce citrulline from a glutamine-rich protein bolus.

Specific prebiotic oligosaccharides modulate the early phase of a murine vaccination response.

The immune-modulatory effect of specific prebiotic oligosaccharides was shown in previous preclinical and clinical studies. To enhance the understanding of this effect, kinetic aspects of immune modulation and the correlation between microbiological and immunological parameters were investigated in a murine vaccination model. C57BL/6 mice were supplemented with short-chain galactooligosaccharides and long-chain fructooligosaccharides (ratio 9:1; Immunofortis()) in combination with pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides.

Dietary supplementation of neutral and acidic oligosaccharides enhances Th1-dependent vaccination responses in mice.

Immunomodulatory effects of oligosaccharide preparations that resemble chemical and functional aspects of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) were studied for the development of new concepts in infant nutrition. A dose range of 1-5% (w/w) dietary pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (AOS) was tested in a murine influenza vaccination model. In addition, combinations of AOS and a 9:1 mixture of galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (GOS/FOS) were tested at a fixed total dietary dose of 2% (w/w).

A specific prebiotic oligosaccharide mixture stimulates delayed-type hypersensitivity in a murine influenza vaccination model.

Analogous to reported immunomodulatory effects of probiotics, this study was performed to analyse the immunomodulatory properties of prebiotic oligosaccharides that share chemical characteristics with human milk oligosaccharides. A mixture containing galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides (GOS/FOS; ratio 9:1) was tested at dietary doses between 1% and 10% (w/w of total diet) in an influenza vaccination model, using 10 C56BL/6JolaHsd mice per group. The modulation of vaccine specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses was studied as a marker of T-helper 1 (Th1) immunity, as well as other immune parameters.

Preoperative feeding preserves heart function and decreases oxidative injury in rats.

Objective: The nutritional status of a patient has been implicated as an important factor in the development of postoperative complications. Fasting before an operation may have detrimental effects on the metabolic state. We hypothesized that there was a positive correlation between preoperative nutritional status and postoperative organ function.

The influence of different combinations of gamma-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid and EPA on immune function in healthy young male subjects.

To determine the effects of EPA, stearidonic acid (STA) or gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) on immune outcomes, healthy male subjects consumed one of seven oil blends for 12 weeks. EPA consumption increased the EPA content of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Consumption of GLA (2.

Lactoferrin reduces methotrexate-induced small intestinal damage, possibly through inhibition of GLP-2-mediated epithelial cell proliferation.

A strategy protecting the small intestine against deleterious side effects associated with anti-cancer therapy is arresting epithelial cell cycling temporally. Since endogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a trophic factor specific for intestinal epithelia, the possibility of inhibiting GLP-2-mediated cell proliferation by lactoferrin, thereby protecting the small intestine against deleterious side effects of anticancer therapy, was investigated. In Caco-2 cells, GLP-2-mediated proliferation was reduced in a dose-dependent manner using lactoferrin.

Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid inhibits tumour necrosis factor-alpha production by human leucocytes independently of cyclooxygenase activity.

Dietary oils (such as borage oil), which are rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), have been shown to be beneficial under inflammatory conditions. Dihomo-GLA (DGLA) is synthesized directly from GLA and forms a substrate for cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, resulting in the synthesis of lipid mediators (eicosanoids). In the present study, the immunomodulatory effects of DGLA were investigated and compared with those of other relevant fatty acids.

Accurate prediction of xanthine oxidase inhibition based on the structure of flavonoids.

The flavonoid family shows a high potential for inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Currently, more than 4,000 flavonoids are known. The data of this study indicate that a planar structure is necessary for high inhibitory activity towards xanthine oxidase.

The modulatory effects of prostaglandin-E on cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are independent of the prostaglandin subtype.

The production of inflammatory mediators, relevant to (auto)immune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions, can be modulated by dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). It was suggested that these effects are related to the formation of different series of eicosanoids, in particular prostaglandin-E (PGE). In this study we investigated whether prostaglandin subtypes metabolized from arachidonic acid (PGE2), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (PGE1) or eicosapentaenoic acid (PGE3) have different effects on T-cell proliferation and cytokine production in vitro.