Graves' Disease-Induced Psychosis Refractory to Intensive Medical Management Requiring Non-voluntary Thyroidectomy for Psychosis Resolution: A Case Report.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism, ophthalmopathy, and dermatopathy. The chief thyroid hormone abnormality is the elevation of thyroid hormone, resulting in an overexcitation of the sympathetic and central nervous systems. Psychosis due to Graves' disease is rarely the first presenting symptom, but it is an essential complication of those with severe or untreated disease.

Lysine ingestion markedly attenuates the glucose response to ingested glucose without a change in insulin response.

Background: Ingested proteins are known to stimulate a rise in insulin and glucagon concentrations. In our effort to explain this effect, we have begun to measure the effect of individual amino acids.

Objectives: The objectives were to determine the effect of lysine ingestion on insulin and glucagon concentrations and whether the effect is moderated by glucose ingestion.

Leucine, when ingested with glucose, synergistically stimulates insulin secretion and lowers blood glucose.

Our laboratory is interested in the metabolic effects of ingested proteins. As part of this research, we currently are investigating the metabolic effects of ingested individual amino acids. The objective of the current study was to determine whether leucine stimulates insulin and/or glucagon secretion and whether, when it is ingested with glucose, it modifies the glucose, insulin, or glucagon response.

S14: insights from knockout mice.

Spot 14 (S14) is a protein whose mRNA is rapidly up-regulated by lipogenic stimuli including thyroid hormone and a high-carbohydrate diet. Previous investigation into the role of S14 suggested that it is involved in de novo lipogenesis. Knockout of the gene in mice has given further support to this hypothesis.