Pilot study in human healthy volunteers on the use of magnetohydrodynamics in needle-free continuous glucose monitoring.

The benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in diabetes management are extensively documented. Yet, the broader adoption of CGM systems is limited by their cost and invasiveness. Current CGM devices, requiring implantation or the use of hypodermic needles, fail to offer a convenient solution.

Influence of enzyme immobilization and skin-sensor interface on non-invasive glucose determination from interstitial fluid obtained by magnetohydrodynamic extraction.

We integrated a magnetohydrodynamic fluid extractor with an amperometric glucose biosensor to develop a wearable device for non-invasive glucose monitoring. Reproducible fluid extraction through the skin and efficient transport of the extracted fluid to the biosensor surface are prerequisites for non-invasive glucose monitoring. We optimized the enzyme immobilization and the interface layer between the sensing device and the skin.