Vaccine hesitancy or hesitancies? A latent class analysis of pediatric patients' parents.

Vaccine hesitancy is an attitude of indecision toward vaccination that is related to but not determinative of vaccination behaviors. Although theories of vaccine hesitancy emphasize it is often vaccine-specific, we do not know the extent to which this is true across sociodemographic groups. In this study, we asked: What latent classes of vaccine hesitancy might exist when examining parents' attitudes toward vaccines in general and COVID-19 and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination specifically? Which sociodemographic, health access, and health-related variables are predictive of membership in those classes? To answer those questions, we analyze online survey data from parents of pediatric patients recruited through eight clinics within the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Rural Research Network.

Racial Disparity in Adherence to Endocrine Therapy among Women with Early-Stage Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer: An Analysis of Arkansas All-Payers Claims Database.

Introduction/background: To assess racial/ethnic disparities in endocrine therapy (ET) adherence among women with breast cancer.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective cohort study of Arkansas All-Payer Claims Database (APCD) linked to Arkansas Cancer Registry (ACR). Women with stages 0-3 HR+ breast cancer diagnosed in 2013-2017 were followed from cancer diagnosis for a year to determine ET initiation.

Association of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Use With Severity and Outcomes in Patients With Viral Hepatitis-Associated Acute Liver Failure.

Introduction: Acute viral hepatitis (AVH) comprises 11% of acute liver failure (ALF) in North America while acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity represents 46%. The use of APAP to treat prodromal hepatitis symptoms is common. It is unknown if concurrent APAP use impacts liver injury in AVH-induced ALF.

Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of pantoprazole to evaluate the role of CYP2C19 genetic variation and obesity in the pediatric population.

Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor indicated for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, a condition that disproportionately affects children with obesity. Appropriately dosing pantoprazole in children with obesity requires understanding the body size metric that best guides dosing, but pharmacokinetic (PK) trials using traditional techniques are limited by the need for larger sample sizes and frequent blood sampling. Physiologically-based PK (PBPK) models are an attractive alternative that can account for physiologic-, genetic-, and drug-specific changes without the need for extensive clinical trial data.

Genetics of phenological development and implications for seed yield in lentil.

Understanding phenology, its genetics and agronomic consequences, is critical for crop adaptation. Here we aim to (i) characterize lentil response to photoperiod with a focus on five loci: the lentil ELF3 orthologue Sn, two loci linked to clusters of lentil FT orthologues, and two loci without candidates in chromosomes 2 and 5 (Experiment 1: 36 lines, short and long days in a phytotron), and (ii) establish the phenology-yield relationship (Experiment 2: 25 lines, 11 field environments). A vintage perspective, where we quantify time trends in phenotype over three decades of breeding, links both experiments.

A novel free-air diesel and ozone enrichment (FADOE) research platform.

Air pollution is an escalating concern in the modern world, posing substantial threats to ecosystem processes. While the importance of comprehending the impact of pollutants on natural environments is evident, conducting rigorous field-based experiments presents formidable challenges. Elevating pollutant concentrations within open air environments in a controlled manner is complex.

Vitamin D Oral Replacement in Children With Obesity Related Asthma: VDORA1 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Children with asthma and obesity are more likely to have lower vitamin D levels, but the optimal replacement dose is unknown in this population. The objective of this study is identifying a vitamin D dose in children with obesity-related asthma that safely achieves serum vitamin D levels of ≥ 40 ng/mL. This prospective multisite randomized controlled trial recruited children/adolescents with asthma and body mass index ≥ 85% for age/sex.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of a single dose of telavancin in pediatric subjects 2-17 years of age.

Antimicrobial resistance increases infection morbidity in both adults and children, necessitating the development of new therapeutic options. Telavancin, an antibiotic approved in the United States for certain bacterial infections in adults, has not been examined in pediatric patients. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the short-term safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of a single intravenous infusion of telavancin in pediatric patients.

Hepatic pyruvate and alanine metabolism are critical and complementary for maintenance of antioxidant capacity and resistance to oxidative insult.

Objective: Mitochondrial pyruvate is a critical intermediary metabolite in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and NADH production. As a result, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) complex has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in metabolic diseases. Clinical trials are currently underway.

Hands-Free Analytical Urine Testing Technology Validated for Drug-Facilitated Crime Investigations.

Forensic laboratories need quick and simple technology to improve turnaround times, while delivering reliable results. The goal of this study is first to create a simplified workflow to meet new Academy Standards Board requirements for urine testing in drug-facilitated crime investigations and, second, to create "ready-to-go", "hands-free" testing technology to further streamline analytical procedures. A first of its kind, the ToxBox forensic test kit is used to validate a single analytical procedure for opioids, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, antidepressants, and several other drug classes.

Pharmacokinetics of Oral Vitamin D in Children with Obesity and Asthma.

Background And Objective: Vitamin D insufficiency is common in several pediatric diseases including obesity and asthma. Little data exist describing the pharmacokinetics of oral vitamin D in children or the optimal dosing to achieve therapeutic 25(OH)D targets. Describe the pharmacokinetics of oral Vitamin D in children with asthma.

Mental Fatigue Impairs Tackling Technique in Amateur Rugby Union Players.

Purpose: To test the effects of mental fatigue (MF) on tackling technique on the dominant and nondominant shoulders in rugby union.

Methods: Twenty male amateur rugby union players and a total of 953 tackles were analyzed. A randomized crossover counterbalanced design was used across a non-MF (control) and an MF condition.

Development of a clinical and translational research curriculum for undergraduate students.

Introduction: Research participation during undergraduate years has a powerful influence on career selection and attitudes toward scientific research. Most undergraduate research programs in academic health centers are oriented toward basic research or address a particular disease focus or research discipline. Undergraduate research programs that expose students to clinical and translational research may alter student perceptions about research and influence career selection.

A longitudinal study of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence and mitigation behaviors among college students at an Arkansas University.

Assess university students' SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence and mitigation behaviors over time. Randomly selected college students ( = 344) in a predominantly rural Southern state. Participants provided blood samples and completed self-administered questionnaires at three timepoints over the academic year.

Rural Research Network to engage rural and minority community members in translational research.

Background: To address the high prevalence of health disparities and lack of research opportunities among rural and minority communities, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) developed the Rural Research Network in January 2020.

Aim: The aim of this report is to describe our process and progress in developing a rural research network. The Rural Research Network provides a platform to expand research participation opportunities to rural Arkansans, many of whom are older adults, low-income individuals, and underrepresented minority populations.

A Sublethal Concentration of Sulfoxaflor Has Minimal Impact on Buff-Tailed Bumblebee () Locomotor Behaviour under Aversive Conditioning.

Pesticide exposure has been cited as a key threat to insect pollinators. Notably, a diverse range of potential sublethal effects have been reported in bee species, with a particular focus on effects due to exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides. Here, a purpose-built thermal-visual arena was used in a series of pilot experiments to assess the potential impact of approximate sublethal concentrations of the next generation sulfoximine insecticide sulfoxaflor (5 and 50 ppb) and the neonicotinoid insecticides thiacloprid (500 ppb) and thiamethoxam (10 ppb), on the walking trajectory, navigation and learning abilities of the buff-tailed bumblebee () when subjected to an aversive conditioning task.

The informed consent form navigator: a tool for producing readable and compliant consent documents.

Background/objective: Informed consent forms (ICFs) and practices vary widely across institutions. This project expands on previous work at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) Center for Health Literacy to develop a plain language ICF template. Our interdisciplinary team of researchers, comprised of biomedical informaticists, health literacy experts, and stakeholders in the Institutional Review Board (IRB) process, has developed the ICF Navigator, a novel tool to facilitate the creation of plain language ICFs that comply with all relevant regulatory requirements.

Solithromycin in Children and Adolescents With Community-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia.

Background: Solithromycin is a new macrolide-ketolide antibiotic with potential effectiveness in pediatric community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). Our objective was to evaluate its safety and effectiveness in children with CABP.

Methods: This phase 2/3, randomized, open-label, active-control, multicenter study randomly assigned solithromycin (capsules, suspension or intravenous) or an appropriate comparator antibiotic in a 3:1 ratio (planned n = 400) to children 2 months to 17 years of age with CABP.

Temporal Variations in Seroprevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections by Race and Ethnicity in Arkansas.

Background: The aim of this study was to estimate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rates in the small rural state of Arkansas, using SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence as an indicator of infection.

Methods: We collected residual serum samples from adult outpatients seen at hospitals or clinics in Arkansas for non-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related reasons. A total of 5804 samples were identified over 3 time periods: 15 August-5 September 2020 (time period 1), 12 September-24 October 2020 (time period 2), and 7 November-19 December 2020 (time period 3).

State-wide random seroprevalence survey of SARS-CoV-2 past infection in a southern US State, 2020.

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the proportion of Arkansas residents who were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus between May and December 2020 and to assess the determinants of infection. To estimate seroprevalence, a state-wide population-based random-digit dial sample of non-institutionalized adults in Arkansas was surveyed. Exposures were age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, occupation, contact with infected persons, comorbidities, height, and weight.

Child and caregiver perspectives on access to psychosocial and educational support in pediatric chronic kidney disease: a focus group study.

Background: Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) generally have worse educational and psychosocial outcomes compared with their healthy peers. This can impair their ability to manage their treatment, which in turn can have long-term health consequences through to adulthood. We attempted to capture the experiences of children with CKD and to describe the perspectives of their parents and caregivers on access to educational and psychosocial support.