Association Between Recent Criminal Legal Involvement and Functional Status Among US Adults with Diabetes: 2015-2019.

Diabetes is a significant public health concern with significant implications for health equity. Functional disability undermines disease control and may be associated with the relationship between criminal legal involvement and poor chronic disease outcomes, but this relationship has not been studied. This study examined the association between recent criminal legal involvement and functional disability among a nationally representative sample of US adults with diabetes.

The association between age and functional disability in US adults with lifetime exposure to the criminal legal system, 2015-2019.

Importance: As the global population ages, the proportion of individuals living with functional disability is increasing. Evidence suggests that functional disability is associated with worse health outcomes and is concentrated in populations with high rates of concurrent social risk factors such as criminal legal involvement (CLI), making it an increasingly important issue for advocates of health equity.

Objective: To determine whether age is associated with functional disability in a nationally representative sample of United States adults with lifetime exposure to the criminal legal system.

Material needs security and cardiovascular risk factors in rural South Africa.

Background: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease is burgeoning in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is increasing, though rates of CVD diagnosis and management remain low. Awareness of the influence of social determinants of health (SDOH) on cardiovascular outcomes is growing, however, most work focuses on high-income countries.

Health, Access to Care, and Financial Barriers to Care Among People Incarcerated in US Prisons.

Importance: Decades-old data indicate that people imprisoned in the US have poor access to health care despite their constitutional right to care. Most prisons impose co-payments for at least some medical visits. No recent national studies have assessed access to care or whether co-pays are associated with worse access.

Differential Effect of Patient- and Provider-Level Factors on Patient Satisfaction Scores in Academic General Internal Medicine Clinics.

Objective: Determine whether patient-level or provider-level factors have greater influence on patient satisfaction scores in an academic general internal medicine clinic.

Methods: Two years of data (2017-2019) from the Clinician and Group Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CGCAHPS) surveys from ambulatory internal medicine clinic visits in an academic health center located in the Midwest United States were used. Patient satisfaction was measured using the overall provider satisfaction score (0-10), dichotomized with 9-10 defined as satisfactory and 0-8 as unsatisfactory.

Exploring Parental Incarceration, US Government Support Programs, and Child Health and Well-Being: A National Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: To describe relationships between parental incarceration and child health and flourishing-a measure of curiosity, resilience, and self-regulation-and to identify government programs that moderate this relationship.

Methods: Using the National Survey of Children's Health data from 2016 through 2019 for children 6-17 years old, we estimated associations with logistic regression between parental incarceration and overall health and flourishing, adjusting for child, caregiver, and household factors. We secondarily examined physical health (asthma, headaches), mental health (attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression), developmental needs (learning disability, special educational plan use), and educational (missing ≥11 school days, repeated grade) outcomes.

Substance Use Disorders, Mental Illness, and Health Care Utilization Among Adults With Recent Criminal Legal Involvement.

Objective: Individuals involved with the criminal legal system have higher rates of mental illness, addiction, and health care utilization. The authors examined whether substance use disorders and mental illness alone or in combination drive health care utilization among those with recent criminal legal involvement.

Methods: This cross-sectional analysis used nationally representative data from U.

The Associations Between Medical and Mental Health Conditions and Health Care Utilization in US Adults with Past-Year Criminal Legal Involvement.

Background: Every year, millions of US adults return home from prison or jail, and they visit the emergency department and experience hospitalizations at higher rates than the general population. Little is known about the primary conditions that drive this acute care use.

Objective: To determine the individual and combined associations between medical and mental health conditions and acute health care utilization among individuals with recent criminal legal involvement in a nationally representative sample of US adults.

Health Insurance and Mental Health Treatment Use Among Adults With Criminal Legal Involvement After Medicaid Expansion.

Objective: Individuals with criminal legal involvement have high rates of substance use and other mental disorders. Before implementation of the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion, they also had low health insurance coverage. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of Medicaid expansion on health insurance coverage and use of treatment for substance use or other mental disorders in this population.

Relationship between criminal legal system exposure and health care utilization in US adults with diabetes: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Black Americans have a higher prevalence of diabetes compared to White Americans and have higher rates of complications and death. Exposure to the criminal legal system (CLS) is a social risk factor for chronic disease morbidity and mortality with significant overlap with populations most likely to experience poor diabetes outcomes. However, little is known about the association between CLS exposure and healthcare utilization patterns among U.

Modern Day Consequences of Historic Redlining: Finding a Path Forward.

There is emerging evidence that structural racism is a major contributor to poor health outcomes for ethnic minorities. Structural racism captures upstream historic racist events (such as slavery, black code, and Jim Crow laws) and more recent state-sanctioned racist laws in the form of redlining. Redlining refers to the practice of systematically denying various services (e.

Treating Hepatitis C in Individuals With Previous Incarceration: The Veterans Health Administration, 2012-2019.

To determine whether the Veterans Health Administration's (VHA) hepatitis C (HCV) treatment campaign reached marginalized populations, we compared HCV care by previous incarceration status with Veterans Aging Cohort Study data. Of those with and those without previous incarceration, respectively, 40% and 21% had detectable HCV, 59% and 65% underwent treatment ( = .07); 92% and 94% of those who completed treatment achieved sustained virologic response.

Relationship between food insecurity and housing instability on quality of care and quality of life in adults with diabetes.

Objective: Examine the relationship between food and housing insecurities, quality of care and quality of life in adults with diabetes using a nationally representative data source.

Methods: Data from 39,604 adults with diabetes who indicated if they experienced food and/or housing insecurity in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2014, 2015, 2017) was analyzed. Outcomes included quality of care (HbA1c test, eye exam, diabetes education, foot check) and quality of life (general health status, poor physical and mental health days, poor overall health days).

Pathways between neighbourhood factors, stress and glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes in Southeastern United States: a cross-sectional pathway analysis.

Objectives: Understanding the pathway by which neighbourhood factors influence glycaemic control may be crucial to addressing health disparities in diabetes. This study aimed to examine if the pathway between neighbourhood factors and glycaemic control is mediated by stress.

Design: Structured equation modelling (SEM) was used to investigate direct and indirect effects in the relationship between neighbourhood factors, stress and glycaemic control, with standardised estimates to allow comparison of paths.

Association Between Lifetime Criminal Justice Involvement and Substance Use Disorders in U.S. Adults with Diabetes.

Background: Criminal justice involvement (CJI) is a social risk in adults with both diabetes and substance use, however, the relationship between CJI, diabetes, and substance use disorders is not well studied.

Methods: Data from a nationally representative sample of U.S.

Evaluation of Changes in US Health Insurance Coverage for Individuals With Criminal Legal Involvement in Medicaid Expansion and Nonexpansion States, 2010 to 2017.

This cross-sectional study compares changes in health insurance coverage from 2010 to 2017 for low-income US adults with criminal legal involvement in states that did and did not adopt the Medicaid expansion provision of the Affordable Care Act.

Association Between Social Adaptability Index Score and Lifetime Criminal Legal Involvement in U.S. Adults.

Background: Exposure to the criminal legal system is associated with negative health outcomes and profound socioeconomic health disparities. The social adaptability index (SAI) is a validated composite scale based on five indicators of socioeconomic status; a higher score predicts better health outcomes. However, little is known about the relationship between cumulative social risk factors as measured by the SAI and lifetime criminal legal involvement (CLI).

Individual and Combined Effect of Diabetes and Lifetime Criminal Justice Involvement on Healthcare Utilization in US Adults, 2015-2019.

Background: Diabetes and criminal justice involvement (CJI) are both associated with poor health outcomes and increased healthcare utilization. However, little is known about the additive effects of these risk factors when combined. This study examined the individual and combined effects of diabetes and CJI on healthcare utilization.

Relationship between housing insecurity, diabetes processes of care, and self-care behaviors.

Background: The aim of this analysis was to examine the influence of housing insecurity on diabetes processes of care and self-care behaviors and determine if that relationship varied by employment status or race/ethnicity.

Methods: Using nationally representative data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2014-2015), 16,091 individuals were analyzed for the cross-sectional study. Housing insecurity was defined as how often respondents reported being worried or stressed about having enough money to pay rent/mortgage.

Association between mental health outcomes and lifetime criminal justice involvement in U.S. adults with diabetes.

Background: Diabetes is a leading cause of death in the United States, and comorbid mental illness is associated with worse diabetes outcomes. Those with criminal justice involvement (CJI) have high rates of mental illness and diabetes prevalence. However, little is known about the relationship between CJI and mental illness among those with diabetes.

National Trends and Disparities in Health Care Access and Coverage Among Adults With Asthma and COPD: 1997-2018.

Background: Racial and ethnic as well as economic disparities in access to care among persons with asthma and COPD have been described, but long-term access trends are unclear.

Research Question: Have health coverage and access to care and medications among adults with airways disease improved, and have disparities narrowed?

Study Design And Methods: Using the 1997 through 2018 National Health Interview Survey, we examined time trends in health coverage and the affordability of medical care and prescription drugs for adults with asthma and COPD, overall and by income and by race and ethnicity. We performed multivariate linear probability regressions comparing coverage and access in 2018 with that in 1997.

Health Care Disparities Across the Urban-Rural Divide: A National Study of Individuals with COPD.

Purpose: The burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is high in rural America. Few studies, however, have examined urban/rural differences in health care access, or racial/ethnic and income disparities stratified by urban/rural residence, among persons with COPD.

Methods: We studied individuals age ≥ 40 years with COPD from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.