Tobacco and e-cigarette promotion on social media: the case of German rap music.

German rap artists advertise hookah tobacco and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) on social media. Advertising tobacco products on the internet is banned under European Parliament and the German Tobacco Products Act. Despite this, 26 out of 60 famous German rap artists have their own e-cigarette or hookah tobacco editions, which are promoted on social media platforms such as Instagram, Tiktok or Youtube.

Transnational tobacco companies and the mechanism of externalization: A realist synthesis.

Externalization theory assumes that risks and costs are systematically displaced from high-income countries (HICs) to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We review how and why transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) influence the local circumstances of LMICs that trigger externalization mechanisms, leading to tobacco-attributable risk outcomes. Our realist synthesis of scientific evidence and gray literature identifies externalization mechanisms with risk outcomes at the level of health policy, smoking trends, and tobacco production.