Trends in Smoking and Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy from 1985 to 2014, Racial and Ethnic Disparity Observed from Multiple National Surveys.

Objective Current report assessed the trends in smoking prevalence and the percentage of smoking cessation during pregnancy among women from three major races/ethnicities. Methods Data were collected between 1999 and 2014 from the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Smoking habits of women while pregnant with the child sampled by NHANES were assessed retrospectively.

"What you see depends on where you stand" exploring the relationship between leadership behavior and job type in health care.

Purpose: This chapter seeks to increase our understanding of health care employees' perceptions of effective and ineffective leadership behavior within their organization.

Design/methodology/approach: Interviews were conducted with 59 employees working in a diversity of positions within the case study hospital. Interviewees were asked to cite behaviors of both an effective and an ineffective leader in their organization.