Novice Experts: Exploring Fellows' Perspectives on the Transition from Residency to Fellowship.

Introduction: Advanced training experiences are required in certain countries for subspecialization. In the United States, a decline in Milestones and in levels of supervision for Entrustable Professional Activities for incoming subspecialty fellows has been described and attributed to changes in context that fellows experience. We aimed to explore this transition to advanced training, and specifically to describe which contextual factors are salient to fellows at the residency to fellowship transition and the supports available for a smooth transition to fellowship.

Pediatric Pulmonary Milestones 2.0: Development, Lessons Learned, and Future Directions.

Pediatric pulmonology fellowship training programs are required by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education to report Pediatric Subspecialty Milestones biannually to track fellow progress. However, several issues, such as lack of subspecialty-specific context and ambiguous language, have raised concerns about their validity and applicability to use for fellow assessment and curriculum development. In this Perspective, we briefly share the process of the Pediatric Pulmonology Milestones 2.

Virtual interviews and equity: The pediatric pulmonary fellow perspective.

Background And Objectives: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic shifted medical training programs to utilize virtual interviews (VIs) starting with the 2020 interview cycle. Fellowship interviews continue in the virtual format. It is unknown how this shift has affected equity for applicants as compared to in-person interviews.

A Pilot Survey on the Perceptions of Pediatric Subspecialty Fellows and Program Directors on Virtual Compared with In-Person Interview Experiences.

Pediatric fellowship programs have conducted virtual interviews since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In this national survey of fellowship program directors and fellows interviewed in-person and virtually, fellowship program directors and fellows formed accurate impressions, regardless of format, but our data did not clearly support one interview format over another.

Peer evaluations in an anonymous and open system: Intern reactions and evaluation analysis.

Purpose: Feedback and evaluation from peers is fundamental to trainees' professional development but may be uncomfortable to provide non-anonymously. We aimed to understand resident perception of anonymous and open written evaluation systems and to analyze evaluations in each of these systems.

Materials And Method: We compared two years of intern peer evaluations at a large United States-based pediatric residency program - the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 years during which intern peer evaluations were anonymous and open, respectively.

A Unique Lens: Understanding What Nurses Are Best Positioned to Assess About Residents.

Background: Resident feedback is generally elicited from attending physicians, although nurses can also provide feedback on distinct domains. Physicians may be hesitant to accept feedback from nurses if they perceive that nurses are being asked about areas outside their expertise. Understanding specific resident behaviors that nurses are best suited to assess is critical to successful implementation of feedback from nurses to residents.

Pediatric EVALI in the Age of COVID-19/MIS-C: Diagnostic Considerations.

Objectives: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) have significant overlap in clinical features, which can contribute to delay in identification and treatment. The objectives of this report were to identify and describe features that are common in both diagnoses and those that may help distinguish EVALI from MIS-C, and to highlight the diagnostic challenges observed at our tertiary medical center.

Methods: We identified adolescents diagnosed with MIS-C who had respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms and patients diagnosed with EVALI during the same time period.

WITHDRAWN: Update in Asthma 2021.

Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and paracorporeal lung assist devices as a bridge to pediatric lung transplantation.

Background: "Bridging" is a term used to describe the implementation of various treatment modalities to improve waitlist survival while a patient awaits lung transplantation. ECMO and PLAD are technologies used to bridge patients to lung transplantation. ECMO and PLAD are cardiopulmonary support systems that help move blood forward while using an artificial membrane to remove CO from and add O to the blood.

Bridge Builders: A Qualitative Study of Fellows' Successful Supervision of Residents.

Purpose: Clinical fellows, those training to become subspecialists in a program certified by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, supervise residents on inpatient subspecialty rotations. Unlike for supervising residents or for faculty, there is a paucity of literature describing fellows' supervision of residents. The aim of this study was to understand residents' and fellows' perception of successful supervision of residents by fellows on inpatient subspecialty rotations to inform the development of curricula to support fellows as supervisors.

Changes Made to Orders Placed by Overnight Admitting Residents on Teaching Rounds the Next Day.

Objectives: Increased focus on health care quality and safety has generally led to additional resident supervision by attending physicians. At our children's hospital, residents place orders overnight that are not explicitly reviewed by attending physicians until morning rounds. We aimed to categorize the types of orders that are added or discontinued on morning rounds the morning after admission to a resident team and to understand the rationale for these order additions and discontinuations.

A review of toxic effects of electronic cigarettes/vaping in adolescents and young adults.

In this review, we examine the known and suspected toxicity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in adolescents and young adults, to improve awareness of risks and identification of complications of their use. The use of e-cigarettes, or "vaping," is exploding among the pediatric population. E-cigarettes heat a solution containing a psychoactive compound, most commonly nicotine or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), along with flavorings and other additives to a vapor, which users inhale.

Defining the Essential Components of a Teaching Service.

Objectives: A large portion of residency education occurs in inpatient teaching services without widely accepted consensus regarding the essential components that constitute a teaching service. We sought to generate consensus around this topic, with the goal of developing criteria programs that can be used when creating, redesigning, or evaluating teaching services.

Methods: A list of potential components of teaching services was developed from a literature search, interviews, and focus groups.

Case series: Adolescent victims of the vaping public health crisis with pulmonary complications.

Alongside the epidemic use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) across the country, evidence of multiple pulmonary complications has emerged, with the most immediately life-threatening being the new clinical condition of e-cigarette/vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI), with investigation actively underway to further define this entity and determine the cause or causes. We present a series of cases of respiratory illnesses associated with e-cigarette use, many of which meet criteria for suspected or confirmed EVALI, managed at a pediatric tertiary care center, demonstrating notable variation in presenting symptoms and severity. Most cases improved with supportive respiratory care and the administration of corticosteroids and antibiotics, although generally no infection was found.

Applying Cognitive Learning Strategies to Enhance Learning and Retention in Clinical Teaching Settings.

Introduction: Cognitive learning strategies are strategies that improve a learner's ability to process information more deeply, transfer and apply information to new situations, and result in enhanced and better-retained learning.

Methods: We developed an interactive workshop for a national conference of pediatric educators to teach five cognitive learning strategies. The specific strategies were (1) spaced retrieval practice, (2) interleaving, (3) elaboration, (4) generation, and (5) reflection.