Erratum: Author Correction: Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) and the neuro-ophthalmologic effects of microgravity: a review and an update.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-0097-9.].

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) and the neuro-ophthalmologic effects of microgravity: a review and an update.

Prolonged microgravity exposure during long-duration spaceflight (LDSF) produces unusual physiologic and pathologic neuro-ophthalmic findings in astronauts. These microgravity associated findings collectively define the "Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome" (SANS). We compare and contrast prior published work on SANS by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Space Medicine Operations Division with retrospective and prospective studies from other research groups.

Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome.

Purpose Of Review: Several decades of long duration space flight missions by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has revealed an interesting and unique constellation of neuro-ophthalmic findings now called spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). The unique space environment of microgravity produces novel physiological changes and derangements that present a challenge to astronauts in current and future long duration space missions. Although the precise mechanism of SANS is not fully understood, in this review, we examine recent developments that may to help explain possible causes and potential countermeasures.

Origins of Cerebral Edema: Implications for Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome.

Background: Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) was first described in 2011 and is associated with structural ocular changes found to occur in astronauts after long-duration missions. Despite multiple insufficient potential terrestrial models, an understanding of the etiology has yet to be described.

Evidence Acquisition: A systematic review was conducted on literature published about the pathophysiology of cerebral edema.

White-Lipped Tree Viper (Cryptelytrops albolabris) Envenomation in an American Viper Keeper.

Background: Snakebites are common in many regions of the United States. Bites from exotic species, however, are rare. The white-lipped tree viper, Cryptelytrops (formerly Trimeresurus) albolabris, is a pit viper native to Southeast Asia.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound Utility and Potential for High Altitude Crew Recovery Missions.

Introduction: Flights to high altitude can lead to exposure and unique pathology not seen in normal commercial aviation.

Methods: This paper assesses the potential for point-of-care ultrasound to aid in management and disposition of injured crewmembers from a high altitude incident. This was accomplished through a systematic literature review regarding current diagnostic and therapeutic uses of ultrasound for injuries expected in high altitude free fall and parachuting.