Antimicrobial susceptibility of commensal Neisseria spp. in parents and their children in Belgium: a cross-sectional survey.

Background: commensal Neisseria species are part of the oropharyngeal microbiome and play an important role in nitrate reduction and protecting against colonization by pathogenic bacteria. They do, however, also serve as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance. Little is known about the prevalence of these species in the general population, how this varies by age and how antimicrobial susceptibility varies between species.

The effect of daily usage of Listerine Cool Mint mouthwash on the oropharyngeal microbiome: a substudy of the PReGo trial.

Listerine is a bactericidal mouthwash widely used to prevent oral health problems such as dental plaque and gingivitis. However, whether it promotes or undermines a healthy oral microbiome is unclear. We hypothesized that the daily use of Listerine Cool Mint would have a significant impact on the oropharyngeal microbiome.

Could traces of fluoroquinolones in food induce ciprofloxacin resistance in and ? An study in with important implications for maximum residue limits in food.

We hypothesized that the residual concentrations of fluoroquinolones allowed in food (acceptable daily intake-ADIs) could select for ciprofloxacin resistance in our resident microbiota. We developed models of chronic and infection in larvae and exposed them to ADI doses of ciprofloxacin via single dosing and daily dosing regimens. The emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance was assessed via isolation of the target bacteria in selective agar plates.

Lack of Association between Antimicrobial Consumption and Antimicrobial Resistance in a HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: In antibiotic naïve populations, there is a strong association between the use of an antimicrobial and resistance to this antimicrobial. Less evidence is available as to whether this relationship is weakened in populations highly exposed to antimicrobials. Individuals taking HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have a high intake of antimicrobials.

Gonococcal resistance to zoliflodacin could emerge via transformation from commensal Neisseria species. An in-vitro transformation study.

One of the most promising new treatments for gonorrhoea currently in phase 3 clinical trials is zoliflodacin. Studies have found very little resistance to zoliflodacin in currently circulating N. gonorrhoeae strains, and in-vitro experiments demonstrated that it is difficult to induce resistance.

Effect on the Resistome of Dual vs Monotherapy for the Treatment of : Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial (ResistAZM Trial).

Background: No randomized controlled trial (RCT) has compared the impact on the resistome of ceftriaxone (CRO) plus azithromycin (AZM) vs CRO for the treatment of (NG).

Methods: This was an open-label, single-center, RCT comparing the effect on the resistome of CRO plus AZM vs CRO for the treatment of NG. Men who have sex with men (MSM) with genital, anorectal, or pharyngeal NG infection were randomized into the CRO/AZM and CRO arms.

The Discovery of Oropharyngeal Microbiota with Inhibitory Activity against Pathogenic and : An In Vitro Study of Clinical Isolates.

With increasing incidence of pathogenic infections coupled with emerging resistance to antimicrobials, alternative approaches to limit the spread are sought. We investigated the inhibitory effect of oropharyngeal microbiota on the growth of and and the impact of the essential oil-based mouthwash Listerine Cool Mint (Listerine). Oropharyngeal swabs from 64 men who have sex with men ( = 118) from a previous study (PReGo study) were analysed (ClinicalTrials.

Tolerance to Ceftriaxone in : Rapid Induction in WHO P Reference Strain and Detection in Clinical Isolates.

In addition to antimicrobial resistance, bacteria contain other mechanisms to survive antibiotic exposure such as tolerance, defined as the ability to slow metabolism by the extension of the lag phase without altering antimicrobial susceptibility. In a number of bacterial species, tolerance has been associated with treatment failure and infection chronicity and is found to precede and facilitate antimicrobial resistance. It is unknown if tolerance can be induced in .

Ciprofloxacin Concentrations 1/1000th the MIC Can Select for Antimicrobial Resistance in -Important Implications for Maximum Residue Limits in Food.

Background: Concentrations of fluoroquinolones up to 200-fold lower than the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) have been shown to be able to select for antimicrobial resistance in and spp. (the minimum selection concentration-MSC). We hypothesized that the low concentrations of quinolones found in meat may play a role in the genesis of quinolone resistance in .

Alternative Pathways to Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: An In Vitro Study of the WHO-P and WHO-F Reference Strains.

Emerging resistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin has led to renewed interest in using ciprofloxacin to treat . This could lead to the rapid emergence and spread of ciprofloxacin resistance. Previous studies investigating the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance have been limited to a single strain of .

Successful Intra- but Not Inter-species Recombination of in .

Resistance acquisition natural transformation is a common process in the genus. Transformation has played an important role in the emergence of resistance to many antimicrobials in and . In a previous study, we found that currently circulating isolates of had acquired an gene that has been found to result in macrolide resistance in other bacteria but never found in species before.

Horizontal Gene Transfer of Fluoroquinolone Resistance-Conferring Genes From Commensal to : A Global Phylogenetic Analysis of 20,047 Isolates.

Antimicrobial resistance in is an important global health concern. The genetically related commensal act as a reservoir of resistance genes, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been shown to play an important role in the genesis of resistance to cephalosporins and macrolides in . In this study, we evaluated if there was evidence of HGT in the genes and responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance.

Global epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in commensal Neisseria species: A systematic review.

Background: Commensal Neisseria species (spp). represent an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes for pathogenic Neisseria spp. In this systematic review, we aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of commensal Neisseria spp.

Screening of Anorectal and Oropharyngeal Samples Fails to Detect Bacteriophages Infecting .

There are real concerns that may become untreatable in the near future due to the rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Alternative therapies are thus urgently required. Bacteriophages active against could play an important role as an antibiotic-sparing therapy.

A Novel Method to Assess Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Commensal Oropharyngeal -A Pilot Study.

Commensal provide a reservoir of resistance genes that can be transferred to the pathogens and in the human oropharynx. Surveillance programs are thus needed to monitor resistance in oropharyngeal commensal but currently the isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these commensals is laborious, complex and expensive. In addition, the posterior oropharyngeal/tonsillar swab, which is commonly used to sample oropharyngeal , is poorly tolerated by many individuals.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of commensal Neisseria in a general population and men who have sex with men in Belgium.

Non-pathogenic Neisseria are a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes for pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at risk of co-colonization with resistant non-pathogenic and pathogenic Neisseria. We assessed if the antimicrobial susceptibility of non-pathogenic Neisseria among MSM differs from a general population and if antimicrobial exposure impacts susceptibility.

Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Chlorhexidine Induce Resistance to Chlorhexidine and Decrease Antibiotic Susceptibility in .

Chlorhexidine digluconate (chlorhexidine) and Listerine mouthwashes are being promoted as alternative treatment options to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in . We performed challenge experiments to assess induction and evolution of resistance to these two mouthwashes and potential cross-resistance to other antimicrobials. A customized morbidostat was used to subject reference strain WHO-F to dynamically sustained Listerine or chlorhexidine pressure for 18 days and 40 days, respectively.

Gonococcal bacterial load in PrEP users with Mycoplasma genitalium coinfection.

Objectives: Gonococcal infections with a higher bacterial load may pose a higher risk of transmission. We assessed the association between gonococcal bacterial load and coinfection with .

Methods: From September 2015 until May 2018, 200 men and transgender women who have sex with men participated in an HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration trial in Antwerp, Belgium.

Chlorhexidine Mouthwash Fails to Eradicate Oropharyngeal Gonorrhea in a Clinical Pilot Trial (MoNg).

This single-arm open-label pilot trial in Antwerp, Belgium, was ended early in accordance with the protocol because twice-daily gargling with chlorhexidine 0.2% for 6 days failed to eradicate Neisseria gonorrhoeae from the oropharynx of asymptomatic men who have sex with men (n = 3; efficacy of 0%; 95% confidence interval, 0%-56.1%).

Evidence of Horizontal Gene Transfer of 50S Ribosomal Genes , , and in .

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the and multidrug efflux pump genes has been shown to play a key role in the genesis of antimicrobial resistance in . In this study, we evaluated if there was evidence of HGT in the genes coding for the ribosomal proteins in the genus. We did this in a collection of 11,659 isolates of , including and commensal species (, , , , , and ).

Choosing New Therapies for Gonorrhoea: We Need to Consider the Impact on the Pan- Genome. A Viewpoint.

The development of new gonorrhoea treatment guidelines typically considers the resistance-inducing effect of the treatment only on . Antimicrobial resistance in has, however, frequently first emerged in commensal species and then been passed on to via transformation. This creates the rationale for considering the effect of gonococcal therapies on resistance in commensal .

WGS of Commensal Reveals Acquisition of a New Ribosomal Protection Protein (MsrD) as a Possible Explanation for High Level Azithromycin Resistance in Belgium.

In this study, we characterized all oropharyngeal and anorectal isolates of spp. in a cohort of men who have sex with men. This resulted in a panel of pathogenic ( [n = 5] and [n = 5]) and nonpathogenic ( [n = 11], [n = 3] and [n = 2]).

Molecular pathways to high-level azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Background: The prevalence of azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is increasing in numerous populations worldwide.

Objectives: To characterize the genetic pathways leading to high-level azithromycin resistance.

Methods: A customized morbidostat was used to subject two N.