[From GLP1 receptor agonists to triple hormone receptor activation supplemented with glucagon receptor agonism.].

Following the introduction of mono- and then dual hormone (incretin) receptor agonists into therapy, attention was turned to multiple receptor stimulation, with the additional activation of the glucagon receptor, as a new option for the pharmaceutical treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. In addition to its role in carbohydrate metabolism, the article reviews the other important physiological tasks of glucagon, especially its participation in intrainsular paracrine regulation, energy expenditure and the shaping of appetite and food consumption. It covers the potential benefits of the triple combination and briefly touches data on the efficacy and safety of the first triple receptor agonist drug, retatrutide, in preclinical human studies.

[Diabetes mellitus and the intestinal microbiome].

The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in the body's physiological processes. One of its most decisive roles is the production of short-chain fatty acids, which has crucial importance in the maintenance of an intact intestinal barrier and immune homeostasis. Dysbiosis in the microbiome caused by dietary habits, regular medication use, and other factors can result in damage to the barrier function, which triggers the translocation of lipopolysaccharides into the portal circulation.

[The "other" incretin - the therapeutic rediscovery of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide].

Among the two incretins that strongly stimulate insulin secretion and are also involved in its physiological regulation in type 2 diabetes, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) has been the focus of interest for a long time, due to its retained - although reduced - secretagogue nature also in type 2 diabetes. Its receptor agonists were also included in the antidiabetic treatment toolkit. In the light of more recent studies, however, the "other" incretin, the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has also come into a different light.

[Is there a need for a revised classification in diabetes mellitus?].

Diabetes mellitus is a cluster of diseases with heterogeneous etiopathogenesis and clinical nature. The exact classification of certain cases is of decisive importance in terms of the optimal choice of treatment. However, the classification is still not completely resolved, despite the available, ever-expanding tool park and rapidly expanding knowledge.

Lower prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease but not with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - antibiotic use in the history does not play a significant role.

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have lower prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection, but the exact reason for this is not yet clear.

Aim: To examine whether the antibiotics frequently used in inflammatory bowel disease are responsible for the lower prevalence of H. pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori infection and molecular changes in gastric carcinogenesis.

In recent years there has been much progress in understanding the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The role of individual factors in gastric carcinogenesis continues to be debated and is also subject to further analysis. In addition to the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, alteration of adhesion molecules seems to be critical for the development of gastric cancer.