[Nutriome as the direction of the "main blow": determination of physiological needs in macro- and micronutrients, minor biologically active substances].

One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place.

[Effects of rutin on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in liver of rats fed diets with different level of fat].

The study has been carried out on 6 groups of male Wistar rats, which received semi-synthetic diets within 28 days. Rats of 1st and 4th group received fat-free diet, 2nid.and 5th - diet containing standard amount of fat (10% by weight, 26% by caloric content; lard/sunflower oil - 1/1); 3rd and 6th group - a high-fat diet (30% by weight, 56% by caloric content).

[Biologically active substances of plant origin. Flavonols and flavones: prevalence, dietary sourses and consumption].

Flavonoids are the most numerous group of natural polyphenolic compounds, the secondary metabolites of plants that may play an important role in human health protection. Flavonols and flavones constitute the main two classes of flavonoids, whose antioxidant properties and high biological activity have been proofed both in vitro and in vivo. This review summarizes data, concerning the structure, occurrence and content of the main flavonols (quercetin, kaempherol, myricetin, isorhamnetin) and flavones (apigenin, luteolin) in some most widely consumed foodstuffs, including vegetables, fruits, berries, nuts, beverages and other products of plant origin.

[Toxicological and sanitary characterization of bentonite nanoclay].

Intragastric administration of nanoclay to rats during 28 days led to reductions in the relative weight of the liver, the activity of its conjugating enzymes, the antagonistic activity of bifidoflora, and the hyperproduction of colonic yeast microflora. The findings lead to the conclusion that nanoclays that may be present in foods must be the object of sanitary regulation.

[Toxicological and sanitary characteristics of fullerene C60 administered to the rat gastrointestinal tract].

A four-week experiment dealing with the intragastric administration of fullerene C60 dispersion to rats has established that this substance in a dose of 1 to 10 mg/kg body weight causes a number of changes in the parameters of animals, such as reductions in relative liver weight and isoform CYP 1A2 activity and increases in glutathione reductase activity, eosinophils, and neutrophils. It is concluded that fullerene can affect the animals when orally given in the doses studied.

[Biological active substances of plant origin. Flavanones: dietary sources, biovailability, the influence on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes].

This review summarizes data concerning distribution, as well as the main food sources and daily consumption of flavanones, a relatively small group of flavonoids exhibiting wide range of biological activities, which are mainly specific for citrus fruits. The questions on their bioavailability and metabolism are discussed. The results of the in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of flavanones on the activity of I and II phase drug metabolizing enzymes are shown.

[Effects of green tea extract and its components on antioxidant status and activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of rats].

Dietary administration of green tea extract (GTE) or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), quercetin (Qu) or caffeine (Cf) in doses equal to their concentration in GTE led to an increase of serum and liver antioxidant capacity and strengthening stability of microsomal and lysosomal membranes in rats. The antioxidant efficiency of EGCG and Qu was considerably higher than that of GTE. There were significant differences in the effects of EGCG, Qu and GTE on the activities and expression of mRNA for CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A1.

[Toxicological and hygiene characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles introduced to the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Communication 1. Integral, biochemical and hematologic indices, small intestinal macromolecule absorption, DNA damage].

Water suspensions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles were introduced intragastrically to growing male Wistar rats daily for 28 days. The data obtained revealed the presence of toxic risks related to said nanomaterials action and demonstrate the necessity of sanitary regulation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in food contact materials, cosmetics and other commodity.

[Biological active substances of plant origin catechins: dietary sourses, biovailability, the influence on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes].

Data for monomeric flavan-3-ols (catechins) occurrance and content in foodstuffs of plant origin, as well as the main food sources and dietary intake of these flavonoids are reviewed. The questions on bioavailability, distribution and biotransformation of individual catechins are discussed. The results of in vitro and in vivo investigations of catechins effects on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes activities were shown.

[Biological active substanse of plant origin. Phenolic acids: occurrence, dietary sourses biovailability].

Data for phenolic acids of two classes (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids) occurrance and content in foodstuffs (fruits, berries, vegetables, species, cereals, tee, coffee and other beveradges) are reviewed. Data on their main dietary sourses are shown. Bioavailability and metabolism of phenolic asids and their derivatives are discussed.

[Medical and biological evaluation of safety of protein concentrate from genetically-modified soybeans. Biochemical studies].

The rats were fed with albuminous concentrate from the genetically modified soybean 40-3-2 ("Monsanto Co", USA) 1.25 g/rat/day for 5 months. Their blood, urea and liver were investigated to measure total protein and glucose levels, aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, pH, relative density and creatinine level in the urea, as well as hepatic enzyme activity of the I and II phases of xenobiotic metabolism, and the whole and non-sedimentated lysosomal enzyme activities.

[The study of the in vitro effect of selenium on formation of active oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes].

In vitro influence of sodium selenite on cytochrome P-450-dependent formation of active oxygen species on lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver microsomes was studied. Sodium selenite (10(-6)-10(-3) M) did not influence rates of NADPH/Fe-induced formation of active oxygen species (O2.-, OH.

[Effectiveness of lignin as a protective factor in exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls].

The effect of lignin on some biochemical and morphological parameters was studied in rats after short-term treatment with the industrial mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) sovol at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg, 5 times a week for a fortnight. Dietary supplementation of 5% lignin as the drug polyphenane did not protect the induction of the rat hepatic P-450 cytochrome monooxygenase system, which is typical of the action of PCB, but slightly modified the inducing effect of sovol. In the polyphepane-fed animals, there was a decrease in impairments of the liver structure and its more rapid normalization than in control rats.

[Effect of trans-anethole on liver monooxygenase system and its induction of polychlorinated diphenyls].

Effect of trans-anetol (t-An) as nutritive addition to cytochrome P-450 containing system (MOS) of liver of rats was studied. It was shown, that t-An rendered inducing action to MOS, which depended on degree of action. It was established that simultaneous effect of t-An and mixture of polychlorinated diphenyles (sovol) modified inducing action of sovol to cytochrome P-450 system, Simultaneous effect of t-An and mixture of polychlorinated diphenyles increased hepatotoxic action of these xenobiotics.

[State of the monooxygenase system of the rat liver during ontogenesis under the action of polychlorinated diphenyls].

Perinatal action of polychlorinated diphenyls on rat liver monooxygenase system in ontogenesis was studied. Significant modifications in the development of cytochrome P-450 system were noted.

[Liver lipid peroxidation in the ontogeny of rats during perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls].

We studied the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, NADPH- and ascorbate-dependent systems of lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes, the activity of superoxide dismutase in the supernatant and the level of malonic acid dialdehyde in liver tissue of rats of various age. The activity of lipid peroxidation system and the malonic dialdehyde content in the early postnatal period increased to the adult level. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity increased during the first four months of animals life while that of superoxide dismutase increased until the animals were seven months old.

[The effect of a lipid food component on enzymatic activity of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum upon the action of polychlorinated biphenyls].

The authors have studied the character of changes in the content of cytochrome P450 and b5, in the oxidation rate of amidopyrine, dimethyl-aniline and aniline, in the NADPH- and ascorbate-dependent lipid peroxidation systems, as well as in glucose-6-phosphatase and acetylesterase activities in the liver microsomes of the rats on semisynthetic diets, including 50% (according to calorific value) of butter or sunflower oil, or receiving fat-free diet (0.5% of sunflower oil) in different terms (4 and 70 days) after a single intragastric administration of a mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls, chlorinated biphenyl (500 mg/kg). It is shown that the degree and character of the microsomal enzymes studied, as well as the changes in the liver structure under the action of chlorinated biphenyl depend, to a certain extent, on the quality and quantity of fat in the diet.

[Morphologic changes and cytochrome P-450 induction in the liver of the rat after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in various diets].

In is shown that administration of sovol, a mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls, in a dose of 500 mg/kg (about 1:10 LD50) induces pronounced changes in the rat liver structure, in particular, fat accumulation and diminution of RNA lump number in hepatocyte cytoplasma, alteration of nuclei, decrease in the number of hepatocytes and binuclear cells in the visual field. Structural disorders in the liver are observed during a long period (up to 5 months) and, to a certain extent, depend on the composition of the lipid component of the ration. Certain differences are recorded in the character of the morphological changes in the liver after single and repeated injections of the agent.

[Monooxygenase system activity and rate of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes in reinduction with polychlorinated biphenyls].

Single oral administration of sovol (mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls) caused a significant induction of the liver monooxygenase system (MOS) in rats. The inducing effect persisted for 5 months. Liver MOS responses were similar in repeated and primary sovol administrations.

[Function of the liver monooxygenase system after exposure to ionol and polychlorinated biphenyls].

After a single administration of polychlorinated diphenyls (sovol) at a dose of 50 mg/kg content of hemoproteins was increased simultaneously with an increase in the rate of N- and O-demethylation in rat liver microsomes. Repeated administrations of a synthetic antioxidant 2,6-ditret-butyl-4-methylphenol (ionol) at a dose of 500 mg/kg stimulated also the liver tissue monooxygenase system; in this case, an increase in content of cytochromes P-450 and b5 was accompanied by a distinct acceleration in oxidation of the first and second types of substrates in microsomes. A combined effect of sovol and ionol maintained the rate of microsomal enzymes induction, which exceeded markedly the values caused by individual effects of the compounds.

[Effect of ionol on cytochrome P-450 induction in the liver of rats by polychlorinated biphenyls].

A single oral administration of a mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls (50 and mg/kg) leads to a dose-dependent increase in the cytochrome P-450 content in rat liver. The synthetic antioxidant ionol administered singly and repeatedly (30 mg/kg) does not exert any substantial influence on the hemoprotein content in the liver. Preliminary administration of ionol potentiates the action of the mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls on cytochrome P-450 induction in the liver of experimental animals.

[Cytochrome P-450 induction in the liver of rats exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls].

Administration of a mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls (sovol) to rats per os induces a dramatic rise in the liver content of cytochrome P-450. To attain the maximal induction effect, it is sufficient to make a single drug injection in a dose of 500 mg/kg. Further raising of the sovol dose as well as its repeated injections do not exert any substantial effect on the index of hemoprotein induction.

[Effect of different doses of dichlorodiphenyl on the cytochrome P-450 level and lipid peroxidation rate in the rat liver].

A single administration of increasing doses of dichlorodiphenyl (60-2400 mg/kg) leads to an increase in the content of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver. Initially, the increase rate is high whereupon, within the dose ranges of 800-1600 mg/kg, it does not virtually change, constituting 270-290%. A higher dose, 2400 mg/kg, produces an increase in the hemoprotein level only in individual animals.