Peripheral blood mononuclear cell respiratory function is associated with progressive glaucomatous vision loss.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma and all licensed treatments lower IOP. However, many patients continue to lose vision despite IOP-lowering treatment. Identifying biomarkers for progressive vision loss would have considerable clinical utility.

The Role of Mitophagy in Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration.

This review aims to provide a better understanding of the emerging role of mitophagy in glaucomatous neurodegeneration, which is the primary cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Increasing evidence from genetic and other experimental studies suggests that mitophagy-related genes are implicated in the pathogenesis of glaucoma in various populations. The association between polymorphisms in these genes and increased risk of glaucoma is presented.

Clinical Outcomes and Cost Analysis of PreserFlo versus Trabeculectomy for Glaucoma Management in the United Kingdom.

Purpose: Clinical evaluation and cost analysis of mitomycin-C-augmented PreserFlo MicroShunt versus trabeculectomy.

Design: Retrospective cohort study across 3 teaching hospitals.

Participants: A total of 134 consecutive eyes of 129 patients (70 undergoing MicroShunt, 64 trabeculectomy).

One-year surgical outcomes of the PreserFlo MicroShunt in glaucoma: a multicentre analysis.

Background/aims: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the PreserFlo MicroShunt glaucoma device in a multicentre cohort study.

Methods: All consecutive patients who received the microshunt with mitomycin-C (MMC) 0.4 mg/mL from May 2019 to September 2020 in three UK tertiary centres.

Long-term outcomes in Primary congenital glaucoma, aniridia and anterior segment dysgenesis.

Aim: To determine the long-term outcomes of a cohort of complex patients with primary congenital glaucoma, aniridia and anterior segment dysgenesis.

Methods: Retrospective consecutive series between 1990-2021 in two UK tertiary centres: Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. We recorded the number and types of surgical and laser treatments along with preoperative and postoperative data, including intraocular pressures (IOP) and anti-glaucoma medications.

Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: NAD/NADH Redox State as a Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Its prevalence and incidence increase exponentially with age and the level of intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP reduction is currently the only therapeutic modality shown to slow glaucoma progression.

Relationships between retinal layer thickness and brain volumes in the UK Biobank cohort.

Background And Purpose: Current methods to diagnose neurodegenerative diseases are costly and invasive. Retinal neuroanatomy may be a biomarker for more neurodegenerative processes and can be quantified in vivo using optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is inexpensive and noninvasive. We examined the association of neuroretinal morphology with brain MRI image-derived phenotypes (IDPs) in a large cohort of healthy older people.

Metabolic Changes and Diabetes Microvascular Complications 5 Years After Obesity Surgery.

Background: Obesity surgery has pronounced effects on metabolic profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, reports on long-term remission rates based on the standardised and holistic criteria by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and effects on T2DM microvascular complications are scarce in the literature. In this retrospective clinical trial, our objectives were to assess these variables 5 years after surgery.

Methods: Clinical data and direct measurements of renal and retinal damage were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively for 82 patients with T2DM who underwent obesity surgery and were followed up for 5 years.

Systemic PTEN-Akt1-mTOR pathway activity in patients with normal tension glaucoma and ocular hypertension: A case series.

Glaucoma is the most common optic neuropathy in humans and the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Its prevalence and incidence increase exponentially with ageing and raised intraocular pressure (IOP), while increasing evidence suggests that systemic mitochondrial abnormalities may also be implicated in its pathogenesis. We have recently shown that patients who have not developed glaucoma despite being exposed for many years to high IOP (ocular hypertension - OHT) have more efficient mitochondria, measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes, when compared to age-similar controls and fast progressing normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients.

Advanced cocaine-related necrotising sinusitis presenting with restrictive ophthalmolplegia.

We report a case of bilateral infero-medial orbital wall destruction, associated with loss of sinonasal architecture. The patient presented with intermittent horizontal diplopia following an acute on chronic infective sinusitis. Eight months previously the patient had developed a midline hard palate fistula for which a palatine prosthesis had been fitted.

Corneal Cross-linking to Halt the Progression of Keratoconus and Corneal Ectasia: Seven-Year Follow-up.

Purpose: To determine long-term efficacy and safety of riboflavin/ultraviolet A corneal cross-linking (CXL).

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Methods: Thirty-six patients (36 eyes) who underwent epithelium-off CXL at a University Hospital (Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust) 6-8 years previously were examined.

Evaluation of the effect of intravitreal ranibizumab injections in patients with neovascular age related macular degeneration on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness using optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of repeated intravitreal ranibizumab injections for neovascular age related macular degeneration (nAMD) on the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness using optical coherence tomography.

Design: A prospective observational cohort study of patients with nAMD.

Methods: Thirty eyes of 30 patients with nAMD were selected.

Resistance to the most common optic neuropathy is associated with systemic mitochondrial efficiency.

Glaucomatous optic neuropathy, an important neurodegenerative condition and the commonest optic neuropathy in humans, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Its prevalence and incidence increase exponentially with ageing and raised intraocular pressure (IOP). Using glaucomatous optic neuropathy as an exemplar for neurodegeneration, this study investigates putative factors imparting resistance to neurodegeneration.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and microvascular complications 1 year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a case-control study.

Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to examine the effects of bariatric surgery on microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes using objective measures.

Methods: Prospective case-control study of 70 obese surgical patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing gastric bypass surgery matched for age, sex and duration of diabetes to 25 medical patients treated using international guidelines. Microvascular complications were assessed before and 12-18 months after intervention using urine albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) measurements, two-field digital retinal images and peripheral nerve conduction studies (in the surgical group only).

Latanoprost for open-angle glaucoma (UKGTS): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Treatments for open-angle glaucoma aim to prevent vision loss through lowering of intraocular pressure, but to our knowledge no placebo-controlled trials have assessed visual function preservation, and the observation periods of previous (unmasked) trials have typically been at least 5 years. We assessed vision preservation in patients given latanoprost compared with those given placebo.

Methods: In this randomised, triple-masked, placebo-controlled trial, we enrolled patients with newly diagnosed open-angle glaucoma at ten UK centres (tertiary referral centres, teaching hospitals, and district general hospitals).

Longitudinal study of iris concavity, corneal biomechanics, and correlations to ocular biometry in a cohort of 10- to 12-year-old UK schoolboys: 2-year follow-up data.

Purpose: To explore changes in iris curvature over a 2-year period. To investigate associations between iris curvature and ocular biometric parameters. To explore relationships between a number of nonocular measurements and ocular biometric parameters.

Recharging mitochondrial batteries in old eyes. Near infra-red increases ATP.

Progressive accumulation of age related mitochondrial DNA mutations reduce ATP production and increase reactive oxygen species output, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation and degradation. The pace of this is linked to metabolic demand. The retina has the greatest metabolic demand and mitochondrial density in the body and displays progressive age related inflammation and marked cell loss.

The United Kingdom Glaucoma Treatment Study: a multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial: baseline characteristics.

Objective: The United Kingdom Glaucoma Treatment Study (UKGTS) tests the hypothesis that treatment with a topical prostaglandin analog, compared with placebo, reduces the frequency of visual field (VF) deterioration events in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) by 50% over a 2-year period. Additional goals are to evaluate study power with novel clinical trial outcomes: (1) VF deterioration velocity and (2) VF and quantitative imaging measurements modeled as joint outcomes.

Design: The UKGTS is a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, multicenter treatment trial for OAG.

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and cognitive ability in older people: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study.

Background: This study aims to examine the relationship between the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and lifetime cognitive change in healthy older people.

Methods: In a narrow-age sample population from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 who were all aged approximately 72 years when tested, participants underwent RNFL measurements using OCT. General linear modeling was used to calculate the effect of RNFL thickness on three domains; general cognitive ability (g-factor), general processing speed (g-speed) and general memory ability (g-memory) using age at time of assessment and gender as co-variates.

Retinal thinning in Gaucher disease patients and carriers: results of a pilot study.

Both Gaucher disease patients and heterozygous glucocerebrosidase mutation carriers are at increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Retinal thinning has been reported in early Parkinson's disease. Here we used optical coherence tomography to demonstrate thinning of the retinal ganglion cell layer in Gaucher disease patients and carriers who manifest clinical markers of potential early neurodegeneration.

Alcoholic liver disease and bilateral multifocal central serous retinopathy: a case report.

Introduction: We present a unique case of a patient with bilateral, multifocal central serous retinopathy in a patient with alcoholic liver disease.

Case Presentation: A 58-year-old Caucasian man with alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis and ascites presented to the eye clinic. The ophthalmoscopic examination of both eyes revealed a symmetrical pattern of variably sized, slightly yellowish, translucent, raised lesions throughout the fundi which were confirmed to be caused by multifocal central serous retinopathy after optical coherence tomography and autofluoresence tests.

The genetics of pigment dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma.

We review the inheritance patterns and recent genetic advances in the study of pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and pigmentary glaucoma (PG). Both conditions may result from combinations of mutations in more than one gene or from common variants in many genes, each contributing small effects. We discuss the currently known genetic loci that may be related with PDS/PG in humans, the role of animal models in expanding our understanding of the genetic basis of PDS, the genetic factors underlying the risk for conversion from PDS to PG and the relationship between genetic and environmental--as well as anatomical--risk factors.