Risk of 30-Day All-Cause Readmission in Interstitial Lung Disease Patients after COVID-19: National-Level Data.

Hospital readmission within 30 days poses challenges for healthcare providers, policymakers, and patients because of its impact on care quality, costs, and outcomes. Patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) are particularly affected by readmission, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and reduced quality of life. Because small sample sizes have hindered previous studies, this study seeks to address this gap in knowledge by examining a large-scale dataset.

Pulmonary disease by non-tuberculous mycobacteria - clinical management, unmet needs and future perspectives.

The number of patients with pulmonary disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is increasing globally. Poor resistance against infections, for example, due to pre-existing lung diseases, immune deficiency and immune-modulating treatment, predisposes the population to developing pulmonary NTM disease. The incidence of pre-existing lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis has also increased.

Humoral immune profiling of mycobacterial antigen recognition in sarcoidosis and Löfgren's syndrome using high-content peptide microarrays.

Introduction: Sarcoidosis is considered an idiopathic granulomatous disease, although similar immunological and clinical features with tuberculosis (TB) suggest mycobacterial involvement in its pathogenesis. High-content peptide microarrays (HCPM) may help to decipher mycobacteria-specific antibody reactivity in sarcoidosis.

Methods: Serum samples from patients with sarcoidosis, Löfgren's syndrome, and TB, as well as from healthy individuals (12/group), were tested on HCPM containing 5964 individual peptides spanning 154 Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins displayed as 15-amino acid stretches.

New approaches in drug treatment for tuberculosis: Inhalation using liposomes only a future vision or soon in clinical practice?

A major change of therapy in respiratory medicine has been the transition from oral or parenteral to inhalation therapy, for example, in asthma. Inhalation of anti-infectious drugs has however not a key-role in the treatment of pulmonary infections such as tuberculosis (TB). The inhalation therapy provides several benefits; the target is reached directly with evasion of first-pass metabolism, thereby resulting in reduced systemic side effects.

Discovery of AZD2716: A Novel Secreted Phospholipase A (sPLA) Inhibitor for the Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease.

Expedited structure-based optimization of the initial fragment hit led to the design of ()- (AZD2716) a novel, potent secreted phospholipase A (sPLA) inhibitor with excellent preclinical pharmacokinetic properties across species, clear efficacy, and minimized safety risk. Based on accumulated profiling data, ()- was selected as a clinical candidate for the treatment of coronary artery disease.

Experience of guilt and strategies for coping with guilt in patients with severe COPD: a qualitative interview study.

Guilt is associated with an increased level of mood disturbance and a poorer quality of life. The aim of this study was to explore how patients with severe COPD view and experience guilt and the ways in which they cope with this guilt. A total of 31 COPD patients were interviewed about their perceptions and experiences of guilt.

Discovery of the Fibrinolysis Inhibitor AZD6564, Acting via Interference of a Protein-Protein Interaction.

A class of novel oral fibrinolysis inhibitors has been discovered, which are lysine mimetics containing an isoxazolone as a carboxylic acid isostere. As evidenced by X-ray crystallography the inhibitors bind to the lysine binding site in plasmin thus preventing plasmin from binding to fibrin, hence blocking the protein-protein interaction. Optimization of the series, focusing on potency in human buffer and plasma clotlysis assays, permeability, and GABAa selectivity, led to the discovery of AZD6564 (19) displaying an in vitro human plasma clot lysis IC50 of 0.

Interpersonal behaviors and socioemotional interaction of medical students in a virtual clinical encounter.

Background: The virtual clinical encounter (VCE) may function as an important support for medical students in or prior to clinical practice to train and ease communication and socioemotional interactions with patients. Few studies have however focused on the dynamics of interpersonal behaviors in clinical interviewing with a virtual patient (VP) and the affective responses evoked by such a learning experience. The study was designed to investigate the dynamics and congruence of interpersonal behaviors and socioemotional interaction exhibited during the learning experience in a VCE, and to evaluate which interaction design characteristics contribute most to the behavioral and affective engagement in medical students.

Epidemiological analyses of tuberculosis in Archangelsk, Russia and implementation of a rapid assay for detection of resistance in this high burden setting.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major problem in Russia, particularly regarding multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Rapid drug susceptibility testing methods are therefore needed.

Objectives: To perform epidemiological analyses of TB in the Archangelsk region and to evaluate the molecular method GenoType®MTBDRplus in this type of setting.

Palliative care in COPD--web survey in Sweden highlights the current situation for a vulnerable group of patients.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common cause of death. Despite the heavy symptom burden in late stages, these patients are relatively seldom referred to specialist palliative care.

Methods: A web-based survey concerning medical and organizational aspects of palliative care in COPD was distributed to respiratory physicians in Sweden.

Design of small molecule inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and 2 showing reduction of hepatic malonyl-CoA levels in vivo in obese Zucker rats.

Inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylases has the potential for modulating long chain fatty acid biosynthesis and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Hybridization of weak inhibitors of ACC2 provided a novel, moderately potent but lipophilic series. Optimization led to compounds 33 and 37, which exhibit potent inhibition of human ACC2, 10-fold selectivity over inhibition of human ACC1, good physical and in vitro ADME properties and good bioavailability.

Impact of input parameters on the prediction of hepatic plasma clearance using the well-stirred model.

The in vitro metabolic stability assays are indispensable for screening the metabolic liability of new chemical entities (NCEs) in drug discovery. Intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) values from liver microsomes and/or hepatocytes are frequently used to assess metabolic stability as well as to quantitatively predict in vivo hepatic plasma clearance (CL(H)). An often used approximation is the so called well-stirred model which has gained widespread use.

BCG scar and tuberculin reactivity in children and adults.

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination generally leads to scar formation and tuberculin skin test (TST) reactivity. This study aimed at analysing these 2 parameters and their correlation in a setting with a low prevalence of tuberculosis. Retrospectively, we analysed 314 children and 390 adults living in Sweden and known from records or individual recall to have undergone BCG vaccination.

Primary vaccination and revaccination of young adults with BCG: a study using immunological markers.

Questions have been raised about the effectiveness of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) in adults. We therefore analysed the immune response after BCG vaccination in primary-vaccinated and revaccinated young adults. 31 tuberculin skin test (TST) negative healthy students were BCG-vaccinated; 15 were primary-vaccinated and 16 revaccinated.

Discovery of cyclopentane- and cyclohexane-trans-1,3-diamines as potent melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists.

We herein report the optimization of cyclopentane- and cyclohexane-1,3-diamine derivatives as novel and potent MCH-R1 antagonists. Structural modifications of the 2-amino-quinoline and thiophene moieties found in the initial lead compound served to improve its metabolic stability profile and MCH-R1 affinity, and revealed unprecedented SAR when compared to other 2-amino-quinoline-containing MCH-R1 antagonists.

Chest X-ray findings in relation to gender and symptoms: a study of patients with smear positive tuberculosis in Vietnam.

The aim of the study was to analyse chest X-ray (CXR) findings among men and women with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). All new cases of smear positive pulmonary TB diagnosed during 6 months in 23 districts in Vietnam were included in a cross-sectional study. 366 cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria.