Geographical equity in Ethiopian infant feeding practices: a secondary analysis of a birth cohort study.

Objectives: To assess the geographical equity in Ethiopian infants' exclusive breastfeeding at 5 months and dietary diversity at 12 months and whether social factors explained the spatial inequities.

Design: Secondary analysis of a birth cohort study.

Setting: Analysis of data from the Ethiopian Performance Monitoring for Action panel study conducted from July 2020 to August 2021 in five regions (ie, Oromia, Amhara, Afar and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples regions and the Addis Ababa City administration).

A cohort study of the occurrence of post-term births and its association with perinatal mortality in a rural area in Bangladesh.

Background: We aimed to evaluate the trend of post-term births over time and their association with perinatal mortality based on prospective pregnancy cohorts in a rural area in Bangladesh.

Methods: This cohort study included 72 373 singleton births with gestational ages ≥28 weeks recorded by a health and demographic surveillance system from 1990 to 2019 in Matlab, Bangladesh. We expressed the gestational age as X (weeks) + Y (days)/7 weeks, where X indicated complete weeks, and Y presented the number of completed days out of seven days or a week.

Burden, causes, and risk factors of perinatal mortality in Eastern Africa: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Although global mortality rates in children under 5 years have decreased substantially in the last 30 years, there remain around 2.6 million stillbirths and 2.9 million neonatal deaths each year.

Effective coverage of antenatal care services in Ethiopia: a population-based cross-sectional study.

Background: Antenatal care (ANC) is a principal component of safe motherhood and reproductive health strategies across the continuum of care. Although the coverage of antenatal care visits has increased in Ethiopia, there needs to be more evidence of effective coverage of antenatal care. The 'effective coverage' concept can pinpoint where action is required to improve high-quality coverage in Ethiopia.

Data-driven decision-making for district health management: a cluster-randomised study in 24 districts of Ethiopia.

Background: Use of local data for health system planning and decision-making in maternal, newborn and child health services is limited in low-income and middle-income countries, despite decentralisation and advances in data gathering. An improved culture of data-sharing and collaborative planning is needed. The Data-Informed Platform for Health is a system-strengthening strategy which promotes structured decision-making by district health officials using local data.

sp. nov. Causing Root Rot in Barley and Some Other Plants.

In recent years, a new root rot disease in barley, which is caused by an species, was found in field surveys in Southern Sweden and Denmark. Its symptoms occurred at the early tillering stage, around the BBCH 21 growth stage, and included the yellowing of leaves, brown coleoptiles, and the discolouration of roots. Prolonged soil wetness after rainfall favoured disease development, which sometimes advanced the yellowing patches to entire fields, resulting in lower yields.

Trends and risk of recurrent preterm birth in pregnancy cohorts in rural Bangladesh, 1990-2019.

Introduction: A history of preterm birth reportedly increases the risk of subsequent preterm birth. This association has primarily been studied in high-income countries and not in low-income settings in transition with rapidly descending preterm birth figures. We evaluated the population-based trends of preterm births and recurrent preterm births and the risk of preterm birth recurrence in the second pregnancy based on prospectively studied pregnancy cohorts over three decades in Matlab, Bangladesh.

Spatial distribution of common childhood illnesses, healthcare utilisation and associated factors in Ethiopia: Evidence from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey.

Introduction: Childhood illnesses, such as acute respiratory illness, fever, and diarrhoea, continue to be public health problems in low-income countries. Detecting spatial variations of common childhood illnesses and service utilisation is essential for identifying inequities and call for targeted actions. This study aimed to assess the geographical distribution and associated factors for common childhood illnesses and service utilisation across Ethiopia based on the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey.

Quality of sick child management by health extension workers: role of a complex improvement intervention.

Background: Despite the expansion of the Integrated Community Case Management services for childhood illness, quality and utilization of services have remained low. To address the problem, the Government of Ethiopia introduced a complex intervention that included community engagement, capacity building of health workers and enhanced district-level ownership of sick child management. We examined whether this complex intervention was associated with improved management of sick children by health extension workers.

"If I Was Educated, I Would Call the Ambulance and Give Birth at the Health Facility"-A Qualitative Exploratory Study of Inequities in the Utilization of Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Services in Northern Ethiopia.

In earlier studies, we have shown that the utilization of maternal health services in rural Ethiopia was distributed in a pro-rich fashion, while the coverage of child immunization was equitably distributed. Hence, this study aimed to explore mothers' and primary healthcare workers' perceptions of inequities in maternal, newborn, and child health services in rural Ethiopia, along with the factors that could influence such differentials. A qualitative study was conducted from November to December 2019 in two rural districts in Tigray, Ethiopia.

Wealth and Education Inequities in Maternal and Child Health Services Utilization in Rural Ethiopia.

As part of the 2030 maternal and child health targets, Ethiopia strives for universal and equitable use of health services. We aimed to examine the association between household wealth, maternal education, and the interplay between these in utilization of maternal and child health services. Data emanating from the evaluation of the Optimizing of Health Extension Program intervention.

Health postservice readiness and use of preventive and curative services for suspected childhood pneumonia in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: Pneumonia is the single-leading cause of infectious disease deaths in children under-5. Despite this challenge, the utilisation of preventive and curative child health services remains low in Ethiopia. We investigated the association between health post service readiness and caregivers' awareness of pneumonia services, care-seeking and utilisation of pneumonia-relevant immunisation in four Ethiopian regions.

Management of bacterial infections in young infants in Ethiopia: Facility preparedness, health workers' knowledge and quality of care.

Aim: We assessed primary care facility preparedness, health workers' knowledge and their classification and treatment of possible serious bacterial infection and local bacterial infection in young infants aged 0-59 days.

Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in four regions of Ethiopia, including 169 health posts with 276 health extension workers and 155 health centres with 175 staff. Registers of 1058 sick young infants were reviewed.

Exploring women's development group leaders' support to maternal, neonatal and child health care: A qualitative study in Tigray region, Ethiopia.

Background: Community health workers and volunteers are vital for the achievement of Universal Health Coverage also in low-income countries. Ethiopia introduced community volunteers called women's development group leaders in 2011. These women have responsibilities in multiple sectors, including promoting health and healthcare seeking.

A mixed-methods study exploring adherence to the referral of severely sick children in primary health care in Southern Ethiopia.

Background: We have shown that Ethiopian primary healthcare providers refer only half of the severely sick children who, according to guidelines, should get an urgent referral. Frequently parents of referred ill children don't bring their children to the next level. We aimed to describe the referral of severely ill Ethiopian children based on primary healthcare register reviews and explore health care providers' and parents' perceptions regarding factors that hinder or enhance referral.

Factors associated with the referral of children with severe illnesses at primary care level in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

Context And Objective: Ethiopia's primary care has a weak referral system for sick children. We aimed to identify health post and child factors associated with referrals of sick children 0-59 months of age and evaluate the healthcare providers' adherence to referral guidelines.

Design: A cross-sectional facility-based survey.

Occurrence and Anastomosis Grouping of spp. Inducing Black Scurf and Greyish-White Felt-Like Mycelium on Carrot in Sweden.

Carrots with different -like symptoms were found in the main Swedish carrot production areas from 2001-2020. The most commonly observed symptoms were a greyish-white felt-like mycelium and black scurf, the latter often associated with anastomosis group (AG) 3-PT on potato. An overall increase in disease incidence in all studied fields over time was observed for both symptoms.

Caregivers' and Health Extension Workers' Perceptions and Experiences of Outreach Management of Childhood Illnesses in Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study.

Introduction: Ethiopian Health Extension Workers provide facility-based and outreach services, including home visits to manage sick children, aiming to increase equity in service coverage. Little is known about the scope of the outreach services and caregivers' and health workers' perceptions of these services. We aimed at exploring mothers' and health extension workers' perceptions and experiences of the outreach services provided for the management of childhood illnesses.

A cohort study of the association between prenatal arsenic exposure and age at menarche in a rural area, Bangladesh.

Background: Millions of individuals worldwide, particularly in Bangladesh, are exposed to arsenic, mainly through drinking water from tube wells. Arsenic is a reproductive toxicant, but there is limited knowledge of whether it influences pubertal development.

Objectives: We evaluated the association between prenatal arsenic exposure and age at menarche.

Association between a complex community intervention and quality of health extension workers' performance to correctly classify common childhood illnesses in four regions of Ethiopia.

Background: Due to low care utilization, a complex intervention was done for two years to optimize the Ethiopian Health Extension Program. Improved quality of the integrated community case management services was an intermediate outcome of this intervention through community education and mobilization, capacity building of health workers, and strengthening of district ownership and accountability of sick child services. We evaluated the association between the intervention and the health extension workers' ability to correctly classify common childhood illnesses in four regions of Ethiopia.

Distance, difference in altitude and socioeconomic determinants of utilisation of maternal and child health services in Ethiopia: a geographic and multilevel modelling analysis.

Objective: We assessed whether geographic distance and difference in altitude between home to health facility and household socioeconomic status were associated with utilisation of maternal and child health services in rural Ethiopia.

Design: Household and health facility surveys were conducted from December 2018 to February 2019.

Setting: Forty-six districts in the Ethiopian regions: Amhara, Oromia, Tigray and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples.

Routine health management information system data in Ethiopia: consistency, trends, and challenges.

: Ethiopia is investing in the routine Health Management Information System. Improved routine data are needed for decision-making in the health sector. : To analyse the quality of the routine Health Management Information System data and triangulate with other sources, such as the Demographic and Health Surveys.