Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms: In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities and mode of action.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) is commonly known as "pau-d'alho" in Brazil or "garlic plant" due to the strong scent of garlic peculiar to all parts of the plant. The bark decoction is used for the treatment of microbial infections among other diseases by different ethnic groups in Brazil, Peruvian Amazonians, Bolivia and Mosetene Indians. This study aimed to advance in the antibacterial activity and characterize the mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of the inner stem bark of G.

Evaluation of the safety, gastroprotective activity and mechanism of action of standardised leaves infusion extract of Copaifera malmei Harms.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Copaifera malmei Harms (Fabaceae) is a plant that occurs in the central region of Brazil, where the plant's leaves infusion is popularly used to treat gastric ulcer and inflammatory diseases. This study was aimed to investigate the gastroprotective activity and mode of action of the plants' leaves infusion in order to establish the scientific basis for such usage, and to assess its potential as a source of an anti-ulcer agent.

Materials And Methods: Leaves infusion extract of the plant (SIECm) was prepared, freeze dried and lyophilised.

Antibacterial mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. involves bacterial membrane perturbations.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Leonotis nepetifolia (L) R. Br., Lamiaceae, a pantropical shrub, popularly known in Brazil as "cordão-de-frade", "rubim", is reportedly used in Brazilian ethnomedicine as well as in different countries in the treatments of ailments such as infections, inflammations, wounds, stomach disorders, among others.