[Molecular biomarkers in breast cancer : advances in precision medicine].

Breast cancer is a complex disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Molecular profiling research has revealed significant diversity within the disease, including among tumours with similar morphological features. This diversity can lead to significant differences in tumour behaviour.

Cardiovirus leader proteins retarget RSK kinases toward alternative substrates to perturb nucleocytoplasmic traffic.

Proteins from some unrelated pathogens, including small RNA viruses of the family Picornaviridae, large DNA viruses such as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and even bacteria of the genus Yersinia can recruit cellular p90-ribosomal protein S6 kinases (RSKs) through a common linear motif and maintain the kinases in an active state. On the one hand, pathogens' proteins might hijack RSKs to promote their own phosphorylation (direct target model). On the other hand, some data suggested that pathogens' proteins might dock the hijacked RSKs toward a third interacting partner, thus redirecting the kinase toward a specific substrate.

Neurotropism of Saffold virus in a mouse model.

Saffold virus (SAFV) is a highly seroprevalent human Cardiovirus discovered recently. No clear association between SAFV infection and human disease has been established. Rare infection cases, however, correlated with neurological symptoms.

Characterization of Ribosomal Frameshifting in Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus.

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a member of the genus Cardiovirus in the Picornaviridae, a family of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Previously, we demonstrated that in the related cardiovirus, Encephalomyocarditis virus, a programmed-1 ribosomal frameshift (1 PRF) occurs at a conserved G_GUU_UUU sequence within the 2B-encoding region of the polyprotein open reading frame (ORF). Here we show that-1 PRF occurs at a similar site during translation of the TMEV genome.

Antiviral type I and type III interferon responses in the central nervous system.

The central nervous system (CNS) harbors highly differentiated cells, such as neurons that are essential to coordinate the functions of complex organisms. This organ is partly protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) from toxic substances and pathogens carried in the bloodstream. Yet, neurotropic viruses can reach the CNS either by crossing the BBB after viremia, or by exploiting motile infected cells as Trojan horses, or by using axonal transport.

Acarbose attenuates Basal and postprandial insulin concentrations but fails to lower blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Background: Patients with essential hypertension and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) are insulin-resistant and hyperinsulinemic. These findings suggest the possibility that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia may play a pivotal role in blood pressure regulation. Acarbose, an oral antihyperglycemic drug, decreases hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia.

Syndrome X: medical nutrition therapy.

A significant number of Americans are at risk for developing a condition of insulin resistance termed Syndrome X. Dyslipidemia, resistance to insulin, obesity, and blood pressure elevation--the deadly quartet--describe Syndrome X, which increases atherogenic risk and contributes to coronary artery disease. Lifestyle factors such as overeating and physical inactivity play a pivotal role in Syndrome X.

Pioglitazone attenuates basal and postprandial insulin concentrations and blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Subjects with hypertension are hyperinsulinemic and resistant to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. A similar paradigm is found in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). These findings suggest the possibility that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia may play an important role in blood pressure regulation.

Type 2 diabetes: glycemic targets and oral therapies for older patients.

In older patients with type 2 diabetes, life expectancy and the presence of microvascular complications determine the appropriate intensity of glucose control. The available antidiabetic agents offer many options for achieving glycemic targets, based on the needs of the individual patient. New stimulators of insulin secretion include glimepiride (a sulfonylurea) and repaglinide (a meglitinide).

Alcohol-associated diabetes mellitus. A review of the impact of alcohol consumption on carbohydrate metabolism.

Most cases of diabetes mellitus result from decreased insulin secretion (type I, insulin-dependent) or altered insulin action (type II, insulin-independent). Another category, namely, "other" diabetes mellitus-associated conditions, is usually mentioned to distinguish this type of diabetes from the other two categories; this category includes drugs, genetic and endocrine syndromes, and pancreatic disorders. The most common pancreatic disease that causes diabetes mellitus is chronic pancreatitis that results from alcohol abuse.

Nutritional factors and hypertension.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, renal failure, and peripheral vascular disease. The importance of preventing hypertension and controlling blood pressure in patients with hypertension is well established and is associated with reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates. Treatment guidelines should consider the merits of dietary changes in addition to pharmacologic therapy in the control of mild hypertension.

'White coat' hyperglycemia.

A visit to a physician's office may provoke an increase in blood pressure. Stress is also a well-known glycemic aggravation, and managing diabetes with ongoing stress is often difficult. Two patients with diabetes mellitus in whom anxiety and stress contributed to transient hyperglycemia that impacted adversely on their diabetes management are presented.

Acute adrenal insufficiency in association with pancreatic carcinoma.

Addison's disease secondary to metastatic cancer to the adrenal gland is underdiagnosed. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential and could enhance the quality of life. Cases of adrenal insufficiency produced by metastatic carcinoma are unusual, despite the frequency of carcinomatous metastases to the adrenal glands.

Treatment of mild hypertension. Decision before drugs.

The treatment of mild hypertension by the primary-care physician requires an understanding of its natural history and reflects a balance between patient observation and institution of drug therapy. The diagnosis of mild hypertension in the office is subject to pitfalls such as "white-coat" hypertension and pseudohypertension. For patients presenting with a diastolic blood pressure inconsistent with the presence of end-organ damage, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may be of value.

Polyunsaturated fats enhance peripheral glucose utilization in rats.

Carbohydrate intolerance is positively correlated with saturated fat consumption. In contrast, individuals consuming diets comprised of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have a lower incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM). To test the hypothesis that dietary fats may influence insulin sensitivity, insulin-stimulated glucose utilization was estimated in vivo in rats consuming diets enriched with saturated fatty acids (SFA) (cocoa butter), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (olive oil), or PUFA derived from corn or fish sources.

A morphological and immunohistochemical investigation of endocrine pancreata from obese ob+/ob+ mice.

There is a marked difference in insulin secretion between the ob+/ob+ obese mouse and its non-obese littermate. Numerous peptides have been implicated in the modification of postprandial insulin secretion. In this study, the morphological and immunohistochemical studies of the genetically obese mouse (ob+/ob+) pancreata were compared with control littermates.

Effect of acarbose on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in NIDDM patients poorly controlled by sulfonylureas.

The ability of acarbose to lower plasma glucose concentration was studied in 12 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) who were poorly controlled by diet plus sulfonylurea drugs. Patients were studied before and 3 mo after the addition of acarbose to their treatment program, and a significant improvement in glycemic control was noted. Although the decrease in fasting plasma glucose concentration was modest (12.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide mechanisms of augmenting insulin secretion.

The cellular mechanisms whereby gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) augments glucose-dependent insulin secretion remains poorly defined. Since glucose-dependent insulin secretion is modulated by membrane associated phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and intracellular lipoxygenase (LPX) and cyclooxygenase (CO) we hypothesize that GIP's augmentation of insulin secretion involves these enzyme systems. Neonatal rat pancreatic islet cell cultures were preincubated with 5.

Dissimilar fatty acid composition of standard rat chow.

The lower incidence of coronary heart disease in populations consuming polyunsaturated fatty acids has spurred interest in the possible cardioprotective nature of these fatty acids. Furthermore, the source of dietary fats may modify the natural history of some chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Some studies examining these issues have involved animals fed a standard chow diet to which the desired fatty acids were added.

The postprandial response of gastric inhibitory polypeptide to various dietary fats in man.

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) is secreted in response to oral glucose, amino acid, and fats. In the presence of hyperglycemia, GIP augments nutrient stimulated insulin secretion. Studies looking at the effect of fat on GIP release, however, have focused primarily on corn oil, a polyunsaturated fat.

The effects of antihypertensive agents on serum lipids and lipoproteins.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for arteriosclerotic vascular disease. Despite intensive antihypertensive intervention, the risk of cardiovascular disease has not declined appreciably. Many of the antihypertensive agents have been shown to elevate total serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels or lower the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level.