Neurobiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders.

While the fear-based anxiety disorders (i.e., generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and separation anxiety disorder) are among the most common psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents, only recently has an integrated understanding of the neurobiology of these disorders developed.

Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome: diagnostic controversies and considerations.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a serious and potentially fatal adverse effect of antipsychotic drugs. The diagnosis of NMS commonly requires core symptoms of hyperthermia and muscle rigidity. Although diagnostic criteria for NMS have been established and are widely accepted and used, it should be recognized that atypical presentations pose a diagnostic dilemma, as hyperthermia and/or muscle rigidity may be absent or develop slowly over several days, leading to impairment or a significant delay in diagnosis and treatment.

GM-CSF action in the CNS decreases food intake and body weight.

Many proinflammatory cytokines, such as leptin, play key roles in dynamic regulation of energy expenditure and food intake. The present work tested a role for the proinflammatory cytokine GM-CSF. Central but not peripheral administration of GM-CSF to adult rats significantly decreased food intake and body weight for at least 48 hours.

Fibroblast growth factor 18 influences proximal programming during lung morphogenesis.

The structure and functions of the airways of the lung change dramatically along their lengths. Large-diameter conducting airways are supported by cartilaginous rings and smooth muscle tissue and are lined by ciliated and secretory epithelial cells that are involved in mucociliary clearance. Smaller peripheral airways formed during branching morphogenesis are lined by cuboidal and squamous cells that facilitate gas exchange to a network of fine capillaries.