Metabolomic Profiling of Human Urine Related to Mycotoxin Exposure.

Human exposure to mycotoxins is a global concern since several mycotoxins, such as enniatins and aflatoxins, have shown carcinogenic and neurotoxic effects, and the toxicologic mechanisms of most of them still need to be clarified. This study aims to investigate the metabolic pathways affected by mycotoxin exposure by evaluating metabolite alterations in urine. The participants were 540 women from the Spanish Childhood and Environment Project (INMA).

Impact of Bioactive Ingredients on the Fecal Excretion of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A in Wistar Rats.

This study evaluates the effects of fermented whey (FW) and pumpkin (P) on the excretion of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in rats using immunoaffinity column cleanup and high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (IAC-LC-FLD). The method achieved detection limits of 0.1 µg/kg for AFB1 and 0.

Proteomic Analysis of the Murine Liver Response to Oral Exposure to Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A: The Protective Role to Bioactive Compounds.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are considered the most important mycotoxins in terms of food safety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of AFB1 and OTA exposure in Wistar rats and to assess the beneficial effect of fermented whey (FW) and pumpkin (P) as functional ingredients through a proteomic approach. For the experimental procedures, rats were fed AFB1 and OTA individually or in combination, with the addition of FW or a FW-P mixture during 28 days.

MycoTWIN Working Group Discussion: A Multi-Actor Perspective on Future Research Directions for Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi Along the Food and Feed Chain.

Mycotoxin research is facing unprecedented challenges, starting from the urgent need to cope with the consequences of climate change, the global shortage of grain due to unstable political scenarios, and the major transformation of the supply chains after the COVID-19 pandemic. In this scenario, the mycotoxin contamination of human and animal foods is still unavoidable, thus representing a major challenge to global food security. Next to this, the shift to sustainable and circular food production might be accompanied by an increase in food safety issues involving mycotoxins, e.

Protective Effects of Carotenoid-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Against Ochratoxin-A-Induced Cytotoxicity.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by and various species, which are known for contaminating agricultural products and posing significant health risks, which include immunotoxicity. This study aims to evaluate the potential of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with a carotenoid-enriched extract from pumpkin peel ( L.) in mitigating the toxic effects of OTA.

Grape pomace as a novel functional ingredient: Mitigating ochratoxin A bioaccessibility and unraveling cytoprotective mechanisms .

Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites produced by molds, pose significant health risk through contamination of globally consumed cereals. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a prevalent mycotoxin in cereals, is associated with various health hazards, including immunotoxicity. This study explores the bioaccessibility of OTA in bread and its impact on the gastrointestinal barrier.

In vitro and in vivo assessment of AFB1 and OTA toxic effects and the beneficial role of bioactive compounds. A systematic review.

The purpose of this review was to investigate the current knowledge about aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) toxicity and the possible beneficial role of bioactive compounds by using in vitro and in vivo models. Although AFB1 and OTA were tested in a similar percentage, the majority of studies focused on nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immune toxicity and neurotoxicity in which oxidative stress, inflammation, structural damage and apoptosis were the main mechanisms of action reported. Conversely, several biological compounds were assayed in order to modulate mycotoxins damage mainly in the liver, brain, kidney and immune system.

Gut Microbiota and Nutrition: Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

The prevalence of diabetes has increased in last decades worldwide and is expected to continue to do so in the coming years, reaching alarming figures. Evidence have shown that patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have intestinal microbial dysbiosis. Moreover, several mechanisms link the microbiota with the appearance of insulin resistance and diabetes.

L. var. Voghiera Reduces Aflatoxin B1 Bioaccessibility and Cytotoxicity .

The present work focuses on the evaluation of AFB1's bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity using bread (naturally contaminated) enriched or not enriched with fresh Voghiera garlic (2%). Two different experiments were carried out: experiment 1 (E1), with low-AFB1-concentration breads (1.6-1.

Associated factors with mycotoxin exposure in Spanish population.

Human exposure to mycotoxins is a global concern since filamentous fungi can contaminate food and feed from crops to ready-to-eat meals. Human urine biomonitoring is a widely used technique to evaluate mycotoxins exposure, as an alternative to food correlation studies. The aim of this study is to describe human exposure to mycotoxins and to investigate the associated sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary variables.

Elucidating the mechanism of action of mycotoxins through machine learning-driven QSAR models: Focus on lipid peroxidation.

Understanding the mechanisms of mycotoxin toxicity is crucial for establishing effective guidelines and preventive strategies. In this study, machine learning models based on quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) were employed to predict the lipid peroxidation activity of mycotoxins. Two different algorithms using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been trained using a dataset of 70 mycotoxins.

Beauvericin Immunotoxicity Prevention by L. Flower In Vitro.

Beauvericin (BEA) is an emerging mycotoxin produced by some species of Fusarium genera that widely contaminates food and feed. is a protected medicinal plant known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to its rich content of bioactive compounds. In order to evaluate the beneficial effects of flower against BEA cytotoxicity, the aim of this study is to evaluate changes in protein expression after Jurkat cell exposure through a proteomics approach.

The Protective Effect of Pumpkin and Fermented Whey Mixture against AFB1 and OTA Immune Toxicity In Vitro. A Transcriptomic Approach.

Scope: The aim of the study is to investigate in Jurkat cells the possible beneficial effect of pumpkin (P) and fermented milk whey (FW) mixture against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) induced alterations in gene expression profile.

Methods And Results: Human T cells are exposed for 7 days to digested bread extracts containing P-FW mixture along with AFB1 and OTA, individually and in combination. The results of RNA sequencing show that AFB1 P-FW exposure resulted in 34 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) while 3450 DEGs are found in OTA P-FW exposure and 3264 DEGs in AFB1-OTA P-FW treatment.

Fermented whey modulated AFB1 and OTA-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity A relative and absolute quantification about sex differences.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are well-known to promote hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity which may be counteracted by natural compounds like fermented whey (FW). Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) are typical biomarkers used to detect liver and kidney damage, respectively. Thus, RT-qPCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) analysis were performed to assess the potential beneficial effect of FW against AFB1 and OTA hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male and female Wistar rats by analyzing the altered gene expression of hepatic CPS1 and renal KIM-1 after 28 days of oral exposure.

AFB1 and OTA Promote Immune Toxicity in Human LymphoBlastic T Cells at Transcriptomic Level.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are typical contaminants of food and feed, which have serious implications for human and animal health, even at low concentrations. Therefore, a transcriptomic study was carried out to analyze gene expression changes triggered by low doses of AFB1 and OTA (100 nM; 7 days), individually and combined, in human lymphoblastic T cells. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that AFB1-exposure resulted in 99 differential gene expressions (DEGs), while 77 DEGs were obtained in OTA-exposure and 3236 DEGs in the combined one.

Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 hospitalized patients associated with mortality: A cohort study in Spain.

Background: The heterogeneity of patients with COVID-19 may explain the wide variation of mortality rate due to the population characteristics, presence of comorbidities and clinical manifestations.

Methods: In this study, we analyzed 5342 patients' recordings and selected a cohort of 177 hospitalized patients with a poor prognosis at an early stage. We assessed during 6 months their symptomatology, coexisting health conditions, clinical measures and health assistance related to mortality.

Pumpkin extract and fermented whey individually and in combination alleviated AFB1- and OTA-induced alterations on neuronal differentiation invitro.

Food and feed are daily exposed to mycotoxin contamination which effects may be counteracted by functional compounds like carotenoids and fermented whey. Among mycotoxins, the most toxic and studied are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which neurotoxicity is not well reported. Therefore, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells ongoing differentiation were exposed during 7 days to digested bread extracts contained pumpkin and fermented whey, individually and in combination, along with AFB1 and OTA and their combination, in order to evaluate their presumed effects on neuronal differentiation.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of AFB1 and OTA-toxicity through immunofluorescence and flow cytometry techniques: A systematic review.

Due to the globalization, mycotoxins have been considered a major risk to human health being the main contaminants of foodstuffs. Among them, AFB1 and OTA are the most toxic and studied. Therefore, the goal of this review is to deepen the knowledge about the toxicological effects that AFB1 and OTA can induce on human health by using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence techniques in vitro and in vivo models.

The role of pumpkin pulp extract carotenoids against mycotoxin damage in the blood brain barrier .

Some mycotoxins such as beauvericin (BEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) can cross the blood brain barrier, which is why we tested the anti-inflammatory action of a pumpkin carotenoid extract (from the pulp) against these mycotoxins and their combinations (OTA+ZEA and OTA+ZEA+BEA) on a blood brain barrier model with co-cultured ECV304 and C6 cells using an untargeted metabolomic approach. The cells were added with mycotoxins at a concentration of 100 nmol/L per mycotoxin and pumpkin carotenoid extract at 500 nmol/L. For control we used only vehicle solvent (cell control) or vehicle solvent with pumpkin extract (extract control).

Transcriptional Changes after Enniatins A, A1, B and B1 Ingestion in Rat Stomach, Liver, Kidney and Lower Intestine.

Enniatins (ENs) are depsipeptide mycotoxins produced by fungi. They are known for their capacity to modulate cell membrane permeability and disruption of ionic gradients, affecting cell homeostasis and initiating oxidative stress mechanisms. The effect of the acute toxicity of ENs A, A1, B and B1 at two different concentrations after 8 h of exposure was analysed in Wistar rats by a transcriptional approach.