Automated Mass Extraction of Over 680,000 PICOs from Clinical Study Abstracts Using Generative AI: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

Background: Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) shows promise in automating key tasks involved in conducting systematic literature reviews (SLRs), including screening, bias assessment and data extraction. This potential automation is increasingly relevant as pharmaceutical developers face challenging requirements for timely and precise SLRs using the population, intervention, comparator and outcome (PICO) framework, such as those under the impending European Union (EU) Health Technology Assessment Regulation 2021/2282 (HTAR). This proof-of-concept study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, accuracy and efficiency of using GenAI for mass extraction of PICOs from PubMed abstracts.

An exploration of service use pattern changes and cost analysis following implementation of community perinatal mental health teams in pregnant women with a history of specialist mental healthcare in England: a national population-based cohort study.

Background: The National Health Service in England pledged >£365 million to improve access to mental healthcare services via Community Perinatal Mental Health Teams (CPMHTs) and reduce the rate of perinatal relapse in women with severe mental illness. This study aimed to explore changes in service use patterns following the implementation of CPMHTs in pregnant women with a history of specialist mental healthcare in England, and conduct a cost-analysis on these changes.

Methods: This study used a longitudinal cohort design based on existing routine administrative data.

Artificial Intelligence to Automate Network Meta-Analyses: Four Case Studies to Evaluate the Potential Application of Large Language Models.

Background: The emergence of artificial intelligence, capable of human-level performance on some tasks, presents an opportunity to revolutionise development of systematic reviews and network meta-analyses (NMAs). In this pilot study, we aim to assess use of a large-language model (LLM, Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 [GPT-4]) to automatically extract data from publications, write an R script to conduct an NMA and interpret the results.

Methods: We considered four case studies involving binary and time-to-event outcomes in two disease areas, for which an NMA had previously been conducted manually.

Artificial Intelligence to Automate Health Economic Modelling: A Case Study to Evaluate the Potential Application of Large Language Models.

Background: Current generation large language models (LLMs) such as Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) have achieved human-level performance on many tasks including the generation of computer code based on textual input. This study aimed to assess whether GPT-4 could be used to automatically programme two published health economic analyses.

Methods: The two analyses were partitioned survival models evaluating interventions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Community perinatal mental health teams and associations with perinatal mental health and obstetric and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with a history of secondary mental health care in England: a national population-based cohort study.

Background: Women with a pre-existing severe mental disorder have an increased risk of relapse after giving birth. We aimed to evaluate associations of the gradual regional implementation of community perinatal mental health teams in England from April, 2016, with access to mental health care and with mental health, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes.

Methods: For this cohort study, we used the national dataset of secondary mental health care provided by National Health Service England, including mental health-care episodes from April 1, 2006, to March 31, 2019, linked at patient level to the Hospital Episode Statistics, and birth notifications from the Personal Demographic Service.

Obstetric and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with and without a history of specialist mental health care: a national population-based cohort study using linked routinely collected data in England.

Background: Pregnant women with pre-existing mental illnesses have increased risks of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes compared with pregnant women without pre-existing mental illnesses. We aimed to estimate these differences in risks according to the highest level of pre-pregnancy specialist mental health care, defined as psychiatric hospital admission, crisis resolution team (CRT) contact, or specialist community care only, and the timing of the most recent care episode in the 7 years before pregnancy.

Methods: Hospital and birth registration records of women with singleton births between April 1, 2014, and March 31, 2018 in England were linked to records of babies and records from specialist mental health services provided by the England National Health Service, a publicly funded health-care system.

Healthcare Resource Use and Costs Associated with Organ Damage in Newly Diagnosed Adults with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the UK.

Introduction: This analysis compared healthcare resource use (HCRU) and costs associated with incident organ damage in a cohort of adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods: Incident SLE cases were identified (Clinical Practice Research Datalink [CPRD] and Hospital Episode Statistics-linked healthcare databases; January 1, 2005-June 30, 2019). Annual incidence of 13 organ damage domains was calculated from SLE diagnosis through follow-up.

Adverse Outcomes, Healthcare Resource Utilization, and Costs Associated with Systemic Corticosteroid use Among Adults with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the UK.

Introduction: This analysis was conducted to assess the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes, healthcare resource use (HCRU), and the costs associated with systemic corticosteroid (SCS) use in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the UK.

Methods: We identified incident SLE cases using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD, Hospital Episode Statistics-linked healthcare, and Office for National Statistics mortality databases from January 1, 2005, to June 30, 2019. Adverse clinical outcomes, HCRU, and costs were captured for patients with and without prescribed SCS.

Physician self-identified race and opioid prescription practices in upper extremity injuries in the pediatric emergency department.

Background: Minority children have been shown to receive fewer opioid analgesics for acute pain.

Objective: Assess if both White and non-White physicians prescribe fewer opioids to non-White children presenting to the pediatric emergency department (PED) with upper extremity (UE) fractures.

Methods: Patients with acute UE fractures were evaluated.

Risk of malignancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Malignancy is a potential comorbidity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, risk by malignancy type remains to be fully elucidated. We evaluated the risk of malignancy type in SLE patients in a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Health-care utilization and costs in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus in the United Kingdom: a real-world observational retrospective cohort analysis.

Objective: The aim was to describe direct health-care costs for adults with SLE in the UK over time and by disease severity and encounter type.

Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years with SLE were identified using the linked Clinical Practice Research Datalink-Hospital Episode Statistics database from January 2005 to December 2017. Patients were classified as having mild, moderate or severe disease using an adapted claims-based algorithm based on prescriptions and co-morbid conditions.

Disease severity, flares and treatment patterns in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus in the UK: a real-world observational retrospective cohort analysis.

Objectives: The aim was to characterize disease severity, clinical manifestations, treatment patterns and flares in a longitudinal cohort of adults with SLE in the UK.

Methods: Adults with SLE were identified in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink-Hospital Episode Statistics database (1 January 2005-31 December 2017). Patients were required to have ≥12 months of data before and after the index date (earliest SLE diagnosis date available).

The risk of infections in adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the magnitude of infection risk in patients with SLE and evaluate the effect of general and SLE-related factors on infection risk.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE and Embase from inception to July 2018, screening for observational studies that evaluated infection risk in patients with SLE compared with the general population/healthy controls. Outcomes of interest included overall severe infection, herpes zoster infection/reactivation, opportunistic infections, pneumonia and tuberculosis.

Systemic lupus erythematosus; stroke and myocardial infarction risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To evaluate the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) in adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to May 2020 to identify observational studies (cohort and cross-sectional) that evaluated risk of stroke and MI in adult patients with SLE compared with the general population or healthy controls. Studies were included if they reported effect-size estimates that could be used for calculating pooled-effect estimates.

Single-inhaler triple therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review.

Background: Guidelines recommend that treatment with a long-acting β agonist (LABA), a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), i.e. triple therapy, is reserved for a select group of symptomatic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who continue to exacerbate despite treatment with dual therapy (LABA/LAMA).

Management and Outcomes of Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in Children.

Objectives: Management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in the pediatric population is highly variable. There are limited data on the use of diagnostic tests and the need for admission. Our objectives were to characterize the management of pediatric spontaneous pneumomediastinum, determine the diagnostic yield of advanced imaging, and describe the patients' outcomes.

Navigational cue effects in Alzheimer's disease and posterior cortical atrophy.

Objective: Deficits in spatial navigation are characteristic and disabling features of typical Alzheimer's disease (tAD) and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA). Visual cues have been proposed to mitigate such deficits; however, there is currently little empirical evidence for their use.

Methods: The effect of visual cues on visually guided navigation was assessed within a simplified real-world setting in individuals with tAD ( = 10), PCA ( = 8), and healthy controls ( = 12).

Physical activity of rurally residing children with a disability: A survey of parents and carers.

Background: Children residing in rural areas face unique barriers to physical activity participation. Further, while children with a disability who reside in metropolitan areas face barriers hindering physical activity, rurally residing children with a disability may face the augmented combination of these barriers that could have negative health implications. Parents are often the key advocates for children with disabilities and are likely to have valuable insight into the opportunities and barriers to physical activity for their child.

Solubility of CO and NO in an Imidazolium-Based Lipidic Ionic Liquid.

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids have been extensively studied for their ability to dissolve a wide variety of gases and for their potential to be used as separation agents in industrial processes. For many short chain 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimde salts, CO and NO solublities are very similar. In this work, the solubility of CO and NO has been measured in the lipidic ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-(Z-octadec-9-enyl)imidazolium bistriflimide ([oleyl-mim][NTf]) at 298 K, 310 and 323 K up to ∼2 MPa.

Effectiveness of Provider and Community Interventions to Improve Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria in Nigeria: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

Unlabelled: The World Health Organization recommends that malaria be confirmed by parasitological diagnosis before treatment using Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT). Despite this, many health workers in malaria endemic countries continue to diagnose malaria based on symptoms alone. This study evaluates interventions to help bridge this gap between guidelines and provider practice.

Asymptotic dynamics of reflecting spiral waves.

Resonantly forced spiral waves in excitable media drift in straight-line paths, their rotation centers behaving as pointlike objects moving along trajectories with a constant velocity. Interaction with medium boundaries alters this velocity and may often result in a reflection of the drift trajectory. Such reflections have diverse characteristics and are known to be highly nonspecular in general.

Orlistat and the risk of acute liver injury: self controlled case series study in UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Objective: To measure the association between orlistat and acute liver injury.

Design: Self controlled case series study.

Setting: Population based primary care setting, United Kingdom.