Web apps for profile fitting and power balance analysis at Wendelstein 7-X.

Two novel web apps for W7-X are introduced: Profile Cooker and Power House. They are designed to streamline the workflow of profile fitting and power balance analysis while offering a graphical user interface that works in any common browser. This allows us to compile a comprehensive database of experimental power balance results.

Visible core spectroscopy at Wendelstein 7-X.

This paper presents an overview of recent hardware extensions and data analysis developments to the Wendelstein 7-X visible core spectroscopy systems. These include upgrades to prepare the in-vessel components for long-pulse operation, nine additional spectrometers, a new line of sight array for passive spectroscopy, and a coherence imaging charge exchange spectroscopy diagnostic. Progress in data analysis includes ion temperatures and densities from multiple impurity species, a statistical comparison with x-ray crystal spectrometer measurements, neutral density measurements from thermal passive Balmer-alpha emission, and a Bayesian analysis of active hydrogen emission, which is able to infer electron density and main ion temperature profiles.

Emotions for a novel health food: Is there an impact bias and can it be reduced?

Eating decisions may be influenced by an impact bias, or the tendency to overestimate the intensity and duration of emotions for future events or outcomes. In this study, we tested the impact bias, among college students, for eating a novel health food - kale chips. We also examined how an emotion adaptation recall exercise influenced emotions and eating behavior.

Assessing Adolescent Vaping Norms and Perceptions in a Statewide Multi-Community Project.

: Adolescent e-cigarette use has increased dramatically in recent years and is quickly becoming a serious public health issue. While studies have identified the influence of social norms on the use of traditional cigarettes, few have examined these factors in the context of e-cigarettes and other vaping devices. : The goal of this study was to examine social norms predictors of past 30-day e-cigarette use among high school students in 10 communities located in Minnesota.

Impact of Magnetic Field Configuration on Heat Transport in Stellarators and Heliotrons.

We assess the magnetic field configuration in modern fusion devices by comparing experiments with the same heating power, between a stellarator and a heliotron. The key role of turbulence is evident in the optimized stellarator, while neoclassical processes largely determine the transport in the heliotron device. Gyrokinetic simulations elucidate the underlying mechanisms promoting stronger ion scale turbulence in the stellarator.

Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X.

Research on magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasmas has the ultimate goal of harnessing nuclear fusion for the production of electricity. Although the tokamak is the leading toroidal magnetic-confinement concept, it is not without shortcomings and the fusion community has therefore also pursued alternative concepts such as the stellarator. Unlike axisymmetric tokamaks, stellarators possess a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field geometry.

Correction and verification of x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer analysis on Wendelstein 7-X through x-ray ray tracing.

X-ray ray tracing is used to develop ion-temperature corrections for the analysis of the X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectrometer (XICS) used at Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and perform verification on the analysis methods. The XICS is a powerful diagnostic able to measure ion-temperature, electron-temperature, plasma flow, and impurity charge state densities. While these systems are relatively simple in design, accurate characterization of the instrumental response and validation of analysis techniques are difficult to perform experimentally due to the requirement of extended x-ray sources.

Charge exchange recombination spectroscopy at Wendelstein 7-X.

The Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CXRS) diagnostic has become a routine diagnostic on almost all major high temperature fusion experimental devices. For the optimized stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), a highly flexible and extensive CXRS diagnostic has been built to provide high-resolution local measurements of several important plasma parameters using the recently commissioned neutral beam heating. This paper outlines the design specifics of the W7-X CXRS system and gives examples of the initial results obtained, including typical ion temperature profiles for several common heating scenarios, toroidal flow and radial electric field derived from velocity measurements, beam attenuation via beam emission spectra, and normalized impurity density profiles under some typical plasma conditions.

Inference of temperature and density profiles via forward modeling of an x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer within the Minerva Bayesian analysis framework.

At the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, the X-ray imaging crystal spectrometer provides line integrated measurements of ion and electron temperatures, plasma flows, as well as impurity densities from a spectroscopic analysis of tracer impurity radiation. In order to infer the actual profiles from line integrated data, a forward modeling approach has been developed within the Minerva Bayesian analysis framework. In this framework, the inversion is realized on the basis of a complete forward model of the diagnostic, including error propagation and utilizing Gaussian processes for generation and inference of arbitrary shaped plasma parameter profiles.

Experimental and theoretical 2p core-level spectra of size-selected gas-phase aluminum and silicon cluster cations: chemical shifts, geometric structure, and coordination-dependent screening.

We present 2p core-level spectra of size-selected aluminum and silicon cluster cations from soft X-ray photoionization efficiency curves and density functional theory. The experimental and theoretical results are in very good quantitative agreement and allow for geometric structure determination. New ground state geometries for Al, Si, Si, and Si are proposed on this basis.

Stellarators Resist Turbulent Transport on the Electron Larmor Scale.

Electron temperature gradient (ETG)-driven turbulence, despite its ultrafine scale, is thought to drive significant thermal losses in magnetic fusion devices-but what role does it play in stellarators? The first numerical simulations of ETG turbulence for the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, together with power balance analysis from its initial experimental operation phase, suggest that the associated transport should be negligible compared to other channels. The effect, we argue, originates essentially from the geometric constraint of multiple field periods, a generic feature of stellarators.

wavelength calibration system for the X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectrometer (XICS) on W7-X.

An wavelength calibration system for the X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectrometer (XICS) on W7-X has been developed to provide routine calibration between plasma shots. XICS is able to determine plasma flow profiles by measuring the Doppler shift of x-ray line emission from highly charged impurity species. A novel design is described that uses an x-ray tube with a cadmium anode placed in front of the diffracting spherically bent crystal.

Prospects of X-ray imaging spectrometers for impurity transport: Recent results from the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (invited).

This paper reports on the design and the performance of the recently upgraded X-ray imaging spectrometer systems, X-ray imaging crystal spectrometer and high resolution X-ray imaging spectrometer, installed at the optimized stellarator Wendelstein 7-X. High resolution spectra of highly ionized, He-like Si, Ar, Ti, and Fe as well as H-like Ar have been observed. A cross comparison of ion and electron temperature profiles derived from a spectral fit and tomographic inversion of Ar and Fe spectra shows a reasonable match with both the spectrometers.

Bayesian uncertainty calculation in neural network inference of ion and electron temperature profiles at W7-X.

We make use of a Bayesian description of the neural network (NN) training for the calculation of the uncertainties in the NN prediction. Having uncertainties on the NN prediction allows having a quantitative measure for trusting the NN outcome and comparing it with other methods. Within the Bayesian framework, the uncertainties can be calculated under different approximations.

Plasma impurities observed by a pulse height analysis diagnostic during the divertor campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator.

The paper reports on the optimization process of the soft X-ray pulse height analyzer installed on the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. It is a 3-channel system that records X-ray spectra in the range from 0.6 to 19.

Large orbital magnetic moments of small, free cobalt cluster ions Co[Formula: see text] with n [Formula: see text].

The size dependent electronic structure and separate spin and orbital magnetic moments of free Co[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) cluster ions have been investigated by x-ray absorption and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy in a cryogenic ion trap. A very large orbital magnetic moment of [Formula: see text] per atom was determined for Co[Formula: see text], which is one order of magnitude larger than in the bulk metal. Large orbital magnetic moments per atom of  ≈1 [Formula: see text] were also found for Co[Formula: see text], Co[Formula: see text], and Co[Formula: see text].

Key results from the first plasma operation phase and outlook for future performance in Wendelstein 7-X.

The first physics operation phase on the stellarator experiment Wendelstein 7-X was successfully completed in March 2016 after about 10 weeks of operation. Experiments in this phase were conducted with five graphite limiters as the primary plasma-facing components. Overall, the results were beyond the expectations published shortly before the start of operation [Sunn Pedersen , Nucl.

Glycolytic Functions Are Conserved in the Genome of the Wine Yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum, and Pyruvate Kinase Limits Its Capacity for Alcoholic Fermentation.

(anamorph ) is a predominant yeast on wine grapes and other fruits and has a strong influence on wine quality, even when starter cultures are employed. In this work, we sequenced and annotated approximately 93% of the genome. Southern and synteny analyses were employed to construct a map of the seven chromosomes present in a type strain.

Overview of diagnostic performance and results for the first operation phase in Wendelstein 7-X (invited).

Wendelstein 7-X, a superconducting optimized stellarator built in Greifswald/Germany, started its first plasmas with the last closed flux surface (LCFS) defined by 5 uncooled graphite limiters in December 2015. At the end of the 10 weeks long experimental campaign (OP1.1) more than 20 independent diagnostic systems were in operation, allowing detailed studies of many interesting plasma phenomena.

Electronic ground states of Fe2(+) and Co2(+) as determined by x-ray absorption and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy.

The (6)Π electronic ground state of the Co2 (+) diatomic molecular cation has been assigned experimentally by x-ray absorption and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy in a cryogenic ion trap. Three candidates, (6)Φ, (8)Φ, and (8)Γ, for the electronic ground state of Fe2 (+) have been identified. These states carry sizable orbital angular momenta that disagree with theoretical predictions from multireference configuration interaction and density functional theory.

Direct observation of high-spin states in manganese dimer and trimer cations by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy in an ion trap.

The electronic structure and magnetic moments of free Mn2 (+) and Mn3 (+) are characterized by 2p x-ray absorption and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy in a cryogenic ion trap that is coupled to a synchrotron radiation beamline. Our results directly show that localized magnetic moments of 5 μB are created by 3d(5)((6)S) states at each ionic core, which are coupled ferromagnetically to form molecular high-spin states via indirect exchange that is mediated in both cases by a delocalized valence electron in a singly occupied 4s derived antibonding molecular orbital with an unpaired spin. This leads to total magnetic moments of 11 μB for Mn2 (+) and 16 μB for Mn3 (+), with no contribution of orbital angular momentum.