Long-Term Cancer Outcomes Following Bariatric Surgery: A Comparative Analysis of Surgical Procedures.

: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is known to reduce cancer risk. However, the association between specific bariatric procedures and cancer incidence is not well-studied. This study examined the association between four different MBS procedures and cancer incidence.

The Effect of Intranasal Plus Transcranial Photobiomodulation on Neuromuscular Control in Individuals with Repetitive Head Acceleration Events.

This proof-of-concept study was to investigate the relationship between photobiomodulation (PBM) and neuromuscular control. The effects of concussion and repetitive head acceleration events (RHAEs) are associated with decreased motor control and balance. Simultaneous intranasal and transcranial PBM (itPBM) is emerging as a possible treatment for cognitive and psychological sequelae of brain injury with evidence of remote effects on other body systems.

The Effects of a High-Carbohydrate versus a High-Fat Shake on Biomarkers of Metabolism and Glycemic Control When Used to Interrupt a 38-h Fast: A Randomized Crossover Study.

This study aimed to determine the impact of various fast-interrupting shakes on markers of glycemic control including glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, and GIP. Twenty-seven sedentary adults (twelve female, fifteen male) with overweight or obesity completed this study. One condition consisted of a 38-h water-only fast, and the other two conditions repeated this, but the fasts were interrupted at 24 h by either a high carbohydrate/low fat (HC/LF) shake or an isovolumetric and isocaloric low carbohydrate/high fat (LC/HF) shake.

Does Aerobic Exercise Increase Skeletal Muscle Mass in Female and Male Adults?

Introduction: It is uncertain whether aerobic exercise in the form of walking contributes to the preservation or increase in total or regional skeletal muscle mass (SMM).

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effects of aerobic exercise on total and regional (upper body verses leg SMM) in male ( n = 105) and female ( n = 133) adults with overweight and obesity.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of data from four randomized controlled trials.

Physiological assessment of a 16 day, 4385 km ultra-endurance mountain bike race: A case study.

The Tour Divide (TD) is a 4385 km ultra-endurance bicycle race that follows the continental divide from Canada to Mexico. In this case study, we performed a comprehensive molecular and physiological profile before and after the completion of the TD. Assessments were performed 35 days before the start (Pre-TD) and ∼36 h after the finish (Post-TD).

Time Spent Jogging/Running and Biological Aging in 4458 U.S. Adults: An NHANES Investigation.

Telomere length is a good index of cellular aging. Longer telomeres are predictive of longer life, and healthy lifestyles are associated with longer telomeres. This study explored the relationship between time spent jogging or running each week and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in 4458 randomly selected U.

Long-term cancer outcomes after bariatric surgery.

Objective: Obesity is associated with increased cancer risk. Because of the substantial and sustained weight loss following bariatric surgery, postsurgical patients are ideal to study the association of weight loss and cancer.

Methods: Retrospectively (1982-2019), 21,837 bariatric surgery patients (surgery, 1982-2018) were matched 1:1 by age, sex, and BMI with a nonsurgical comparison group.

Relationship between Sitting Time and Insulin Resistance in 6931 U.S. Adults: The Mediating Role of Abdominal Adiposity.

This cross-sectional investigation examined the relationship between sitting time and insulin resistance in 6931 U.S. adults.

The Effects of Exercise on Appetite-Regulating Hormone Concentrations over a 36-h Fast in Healthy Young Adults: A Randomized Crossover Study.

Hunger and satiety are controlled by several physiological mechanisms, including pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones. While the influence of exercise and fasting have been described individually, in relation to these hormones, there is a paucity of work showing the effects of the two modalities (fasting and exercise) combined. Twenty healthy adults (11 males, 9 females) completed both conditions of this study, each consisting of a 36-h water-only fast.

Long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality for four bariatric surgery procedures.

Objective: This retrospective study incorporated long-term mortality results after different bariatric surgery procedures and for multiple age at surgery groups.

Methods: Participants with bariatric surgery (surgery) and without (non-surgery) were matched (1:1) for age, sex, BMI, and surgery date with a driver license application/renewal date. Mortality rates were compared by Cox regression, stratified by sex, surgery type, and age at surgery.

Milk-Fat Intake and Differences in Abdominal Adiposity and BMI: Evidence Based on 13,544 Randomly-Selected Adults.

The primary purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between milk-fat intake and obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, in 13,544 U.S. adults.

The Effects of Exercise on β-Hydroxybutyrate Concentrations over a 36-h Fast: A Randomized Crossover Study.

Purpose: This study assessed β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration during a short-term fast and the degree to which an initial bout of exercise influences the rate of ketogenesis.

Methods: Twenty subjects (11 male, 9 female) completed two 36-h fasts, with one protocol requiring the subject to complete a treadmill exercise session at the beginning of the fast. BHB levels were assessed via portable meter every 2 h, along with mood and hunger ratings.

Associations of Visceral, Subcutaneous, Epicardial, and Liver Fat with Metabolic Disorders up to 14 Years After Weight Loss Surgery.

Bariatric surgery leads to long-term remission and reduced incidence of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Short-term studies suggest reduction in specific fat depots may be more predictive of health improvement than reduced body mass index (BMI). Visceral, subcutaneous, epicardial, and liver fat, measured 11 years after bariatric surgery, were associated with long-term remission and incidence of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension.

Ketones Elicit Distinct Alterations in Adipose Mitochondrial Bioenergetics.

Objective: The rampant growth of obesity worldwide has stimulated explosive research into human metabolism. Energy expenditure has been shown to be altered by diets differing in macronutrient composition, with low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets eliciting a significant increase over other interventions. The central aim of this study was to explore the effects of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) on mitochondrial bioenergetics in adipose tissue.

A case study exploring associations between popular media attention of scientific research and scientific citations.

The association between mention of scientific research in popular media (e.g., the mainstream media or social media platforms) and scientific impact (e.

Longitudinal Changes in Cardiac Structure and Function in Severe Obesity: 11-Year Follow-Up in the Utah Obesity Study.

Background Progressive cardiac remodeling and worsening myocardial function over time have been proposed as potential mediators of heart failure in obesity. Methods and Results We serially assessed cardiac structure and function in 254 subjects participating in a longitudinal study of obesity. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic features were determined at baseline and 2-, 6-, and 11-year follow-up.

Gut microbiota differs a decade after bariatric surgery relative to a nonsurgical comparison group.

Background: Few studies have assessed differences in the gut microbiota composition after bariatric surgery in the long term or whether differences are correlated with remission of type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: This observational study assessed differences in the gut microbiota between individuals at up to 13 years after surgery and a comparison group of individuals with severe obesity. The relationship between type 2 diabetes remission and the gut microbiota was also assessed.

Strength Training and Insulin Resistance: The Mediating Role of Body Composition.

The main objective of the present study was to assess the association between participation in strength training and insulin resistance. Another goal was to assess the influence of several potential confounding variables on the strength training and insulin resistance relationship. Lastly, the influence of waist circumference, fat-free mass (kg), body fat percentage, and the fat-free mass index on the association between strength training and insulin resistance was assessed.

Physical Activity Patterns Among Individuals Before and Soon After Bariatric Surgery.

Purpose: Post-operative changes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may contribute to improved weight loss and long-term weight maintenance of individuals after bariatric surgery. Patients experience minimal changes in MVPA > 6 months after surgery, but no studies have investigated early changes in physical activity after surgery. This study aims to assess MVPA changes during the rapid weight loss phase through self-reporting and objective measures.

Fitness versus adiposity in cardiovascular disease risk.

Obesity and low cardiorespiratory fitness are both established predictors of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Whether the protective effects of fitness outweigh the deleterious effects of obesity, however, remains a topic of debate. To extend knowledge of the relative influence of fitness and fatness on cardiovascular disease outcomes, however, attention must be paid to measurement quality.

12-year trajectory of health-related quality of life in gastric bypass patients versus comparison groups.

Background: Few prospective studies compare long-term health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes between bariatric surgery patients and individuals with severe obesity who do not undergo bariatric surgery.

Objectives: This 12-year, prospective study evaluated the trajectory and durability of HRQOL changes in gastric bypass patients (surgery group; n = 418) and compared these changes to 2 nonsurgical groups. The nonsurgery group 1 (n = 417) sought but did not have surgery; nonsurgery group 2 (n = 321) had severe obesity but did not seek surgery.

Fat-Free Mass and Skeletal Muscle Mass Five Years After Bariatric Surgery.

Objective: This study investigated changes in fat-free mass (FFM) and skeletal muscle 5 years after surgery in participants from the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-2 trial.

Methods: A three-compartment model assessed FFM, and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quantified skeletal muscle mass prior to surgery (T0) and 1 year (T1), 2 years (T2), and 5 years (T5) postoperatively in 93 patients (85% female; 68% Caucasian; age 44.2 ± 11.