Study to determine the efficacy and onset of Bonipar, a topical analgesic for the management of acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Background: Opioid abuse and mortality are ravaging American society, highlighting the need to find alternative effective analgesics with fewer side effects. FDA-approved topical analgesics, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are commonly used to treat musculoskeletal pain but can cause adverse effects. Natural compounds, including essential oils, are potential therapeutic alternatives for managing musculoskeletal pain.

New modalities of neurostimulation: high frequency and dorsal root ganglion.

Purpose Of Review: Neurostimulation is a well tolerated, cost-efficient, and effective method to treat chronic pain. Although spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to help patients, newer modalities such as burst, kilohertz-frequency, and dorsal root ganglion stimulation may provide greater pain relief, fewer paresthesias, and better outcomes.

Recent Findings: Burst stimulation, programed as five-impulse burst at a frequency of 500 Hz, delivers more charge per second than conventional stimulation.

Insurance disparities in the outcomes of spinal cord stimulation surgery.

Objectives: The Affordable Care Act aims to expand health insurance and to help narrow existing health care disparities. Medicaid patients have previously been noted to be at an increased risk for impaired access to health care, delayed medical treatment, and the receipt of substandard care. Conversely, those with commercial insurance may be subject to overtreatment.