The Histone Deacetylases Hst1 and Rpd3 Integrate De Novo NAD Metabolism with Phosphate Sensing in .

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a critical cofactor essential for various cellular processes. Abnormalities in NAD metabolism have also been associated with a number of metabolic disorders. The regulation and interconnection of NAD metabolic pathways are not yet completely understood.

Plan-view transmission electron microscopy specimen preparation for atomic layer materials using a focused ion beam approach.

Using the focused ion beam (FIB) to prepare plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens is beneficial for obtaining structural information of two-dimensional atomic layer materials, such as graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS) nanosheets supported on substrates. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image in a dual-beam FIB-SEM can accurately locate an area of interest for specimen preparation. Besides, FIB specimen preparation avoids damages and hydrocarbon contamination that are usually produced in other preparation methods, in which chemical etching and polymer adhesion layers are used.