Potentially Pathogenic Organisms in Stools and Their Association With Acute Diarrheal Illness in Children Aged <2 Years.

Background: Acute diarrheal illness (ADI) causes a substantial disease burden in high-income countries. We investigated associations between potentially pathogenic organisms in stools and ADI by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Australian children aged <2 years.

Methods: Children in a community-based birth cohort had gastrointestinal symptoms recorded daily and stool samples collected weekly until their second birthday.

Discord between presence of follicular conjunctivitis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a single Torres Strait Island community: a cross-sectional survey.

Objective: Recent surveys identified trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) at endemic levels in the Torres Strait Islands; however, local health staff do not report trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in adults. We undertook a cross-sectional survey involving eye examination and microbiological testing to better understand this disconnect.

Methods: We examined 169 of 207 (82%) residents and collected ocular swabs for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for Chlamydia trachomatis.

Referral patterns for infantile cataracts in two regions of the United States.

Background: Delayed treatment of congenital or infantile cataracts can cause deprivation amblyopia. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention is critical for optimal outcomes. This study assessed referral patterns for congenital or infantile cataracts in two regions of the United States.

Real-world patient data: Can they support decision making and patient engagement?

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) capture data related to patients' perception of their health status and aspects of health care delivery. In parallel, digital innovations have advanced the administration, storage, processing, and accessibility of PROs, allowing these data to become actively incorporated in day-to-day clinical practice along the entire patient care pathway. Further, the emergence of shared decision making, where patients are engaged in informed treatment selection aligned with their preferences, values, and needs, can be realized by PROs and technology.

SUMO-Based Regulation of Nuclear Positioning to Spatially Regulate Homologous Recombination Activities at Replication Stress Sites.

DNA lesions have properties that allow them to escape their nuclear compartment to achieve DNA repair in another one. Recent studies uncovered that the replication fork, when its progression is impaired, exhibits increased mobility when changing nuclear positioning and anchors to nuclear pore complexes, where specific types of homologous recombination pathways take place. In yeast models, increasing evidence points out that nuclear positioning is regulated by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) metabolism, which is pivotal to maintaining genome integrity at sites of replication stress.

Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg with Unidentified Source, Australia, 2018-2019.

We report a multistate Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg outbreak in Australia during 2018-2019. Laboratory investigation of cases reported across 5 jurisdictions over a 7-month period could not identify a source of infection but detected indicators of severity and invasiveness. The hospitalization rate of 36% suggested a moderately severe clinical picture.

Video-Assisted Peer Teaching for Surgical Skills Training - Innovative Potential for the Medical Curriculum and Beyond: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: Hygienic healthcare standards are essential for avoiding hospital infections. However, medical students and staff lack training in this field, which may be due to high personnel resources of present educational approaches. Thus, there is an urgent need for a novel and efficient approach.

Core set of unfavorable events of proximal humerus fracture treatment defined by an international Delphi consensus process.

Background: Proximal humerus fracture (PHF) complications, whether following surgery or nonoperative management, require standardization of definitions and documentation for consistent reporting. We aimed to define an international consensus core event set (CES) of clinically-relevant unfavorable events of PHF to be documented in clinical routine practice and research.

Methods: A Delphi exercise was implemented with an international panel of experienced shoulder trauma surgeons selected by survey invitation of AO Trauma members.

Risk Factors for Reoperation after Strabismus Surgery among Patients with Thyroid Eye Disease.

Purpose: To examine risk factors for strabismus surgery reoperation in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: An insurance claims database was used to identify patients with TED who underwent at least one strabismus operation between 2003 and 2019.

Development and Preliminary Validation of a Virtual Reality Approach for Measurement of Torsional Strabismus.

Background: Double Maddox rod (DMR), the gold-standard method for in-office measurement of cyclodeviation, requires an examiner and specialized equipment. The objective of this study was to develop a virtual reality (VR) technique for measurement of cyclodeviation and validate this against the DMR.

Methods: A VR-DMR was implemented using a smartphone and commercially available VR viewer.

The effects of self-management interventions on depressive symptoms in adults with chronic physical disease(s) experiencing depressive symptomatology: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. It is estimated that 20% of adults with chronic physical diseases experience concomitant depression, increasing their risk of morbidity and mortality. Low intensity psychosocial interventions, such as self-management, are part of recommended treatment; however, no systematic review has evaluated the effects of depression self-management interventions for this population.

Deposition of Hybrid Photocatalytic Layers for Air Purification Using Commercial TiO Powders.

Photocatalytic nanomaterials, using only light as the source of excitation, have been developed for the breakdown of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air for a long time. It is a tough challenge to immobilize these powder photocatalysts and prevent their entrainment with the gas stream. Conventional methods for making stable films typically require expensive deposition equipment and only allow the deposition of very thin layers with limited photocatalytic performance.

A systematic mixed studies review of fear of cancer recurrence in families and caregivers of adults diagnosed with cancer.

Purpose: Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) may be equally prevalent, persistent and burdensome in cancer caregivers as in survivors. This systematic review evaluated FCR prevalence, severity, correlates, course, impact and interventions in cancer caregivers.

Methods: Electronic databases were searched from 1997 to May 2021.

The cell-surface 5'-nucleotidase CD73 defines a functional T memory cell subset that declines with age.

Memory T cells exhibit considerable diversity that determines their ability to be protective. Here, we examine whether changes in T cell heterogeneity contribute to the age-associated failure of immune memory. By screening for age-dependent T cell-surface markers, we identify CD4 and CD8 memory T cell subsets that are unrelated to previously defined subsets of central and effector memory cells.

Adaptive web-based stress management programs among adults with a cardiovascular disease: A pilot Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART).

Objective: To assess the feasibility and acceptability of using a Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) to optimize the delivery of a web-based, stress management intervention for patients with a cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods: 59 patients with a CVD and moderate stress were randomized to a self-directed web-based stress management program (n = 30) or the same intervention plus lay telephone coaching (n = 29). After 6 weeks, non-responders were re-randomized to continue with their initial intervention or switched to motivational interviewing (MI).

Integrative analysis of the plasma proteome and polygenic risk of cardiometabolic diseases.

Cardiometabolic diseases are frequently polygenic in architecture, comprising a large number of risk alleles with small effects spread across the genome. Polygenic scores (PGS) aggregate these into a metric representing an individual's genetic predisposition to disease. PGS have shown promise for early risk prediction and there is an open question as to whether PGS can also be used to understand disease biology.

The anatomy and variation of the coracoid attachment of the subclavius muscle in humans.

The functions of the subclavius muscle (SM) are described as stabilization of the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) and resisting elevation of the lateral end of the clavicle. During systematic cadaveric dissections, we observed additional fibrous structures, previously described as variants of the anatomy, extending from the SM and inserting into the coracoid process (CP). Due to the high incidence of these structures in our dissections, we hypothesized that the attachment at the CP is more common than appreciated and that, as a corollary, the function of the SM was (or has been) more complex than simply depressing the clavicle and generating stability at the SCJ.

Types of Surgery Performed and Reoperation Rate for Congenital Superior Oblique Palsy: a Claims Database Study.

Purpose: To investigate types of surgeries performed to treat a presumed congenital superior oblique palsy (SOP) and the reoperation rate.

Methods: This was a population-based retrospective cohort study using claims data from the United States. Patients who underwent strabismus surgery for a presumed congenital SOP with ≥ 3 months of continuous enrolment after the initial surgery were included.

Restarted replication forks are error-prone and cause CAG repeat expansions and contractions.

Disease-associated trinucleotide repeats form secondary DNA structures that interfere with replication and repair. Replication has been implicated as a mechanism that can cause repeat expansions and contractions. However, because structure-forming repeats are also replication barriers, it has been unclear whether the instability occurs due to slippage during normal replication progression through the repeat, slippage or misalignment at a replication stall caused by the repeat, or during subsequent replication of the repeat by a restarted fork that has altered properties.

Respiratory virus detection during the COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland, Australia.

Objective: To determine if non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) impacted on respiratory virus detections in Queensland, Australia, during the COVID-19 pandemic year of 2020.

Methods: We analysed weekly counts of influenza, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus available from a Queensland laboratory network for the year 2020. These were compared with averaged counts from 2015 to 2019.

Chronic Illness Management in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Patients: Exploring the Needs, Access, and Understanding of Information.

In Canada, people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds are at a greater risk of developing a chronic illness, and are more likely to experience adverse health effects and challenges in accessing high-quality care compared with Canadian-born individuals. This, in part, has been attributed to having inadequate access to information and resources needed to manage their illness(es). A qualitative descriptive design and inductive content analysis were used to explore the information needs of 24 CALD patients with chronic illnesses.

An Evaluation of Publicly Available Smartphone Apps to Support Unpaid Cancer Caregivers.

Context: With advancements in mobile technology and increased access to smartphones, the use of Mobile Health applications (apps) has surged. These apps provide an innovative avenue for supporting cancer caregivers who face increasing burden and lack formal support; however, the quality of these apps has not been formally evaluated.

Objectives: Evaluate the quality, usefulness, therapeutic potential, and security of publicly available apps to support unpaid cancer caregivers in managing their roles and responsibilities.

Trends in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction surgical procedures in the United States from 2003 to 2016.

In this population-based retrospective cohort study, the Optum claims dataset was used to identify children <4 years of age with the diagnosis of nasolacrimal duct obstruction during the period 2003-2016. A total of 156,044 children were identified, of whom 16,538 (9.43%) underwent a surgical procedure.

The Initial Timing and Burden of Viral Gastrointestinal Infections in Australian Infants: A Birth Cohort Study.

The timing and nature of initial infections by potentially vaccine-preventable gastrointestinal viruses (group-F adenoviruses, classic human astrovirus, norovirus I/II, and sapovirus I/II/IV/V) was investigated in a community-based birth cohort. Weekly stool samples were collected from 158 children aged <2 years in an Australian subtropical city. Median age at initial infection was lowest for norovirus II (13.

Cord-blood respiratory syncytial virus antibodies and respiratory health in first 5 years of life.

Objective: To determine the potential longer-term effects of maternal antenatal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination, we examined the association between cord-blood RSV-neutralizing antibodies (RSV-NA) and RSV infections in the first 2 years of life, RSV-NA at 3 years, and respiratory health to age 5 years.

Methods: Two community-based Australian birth cohorts were combined. For children with at least one atopic parent, paired serum RSV-NA levels were compared in cord blood and at age 3 years.