Dose-Dependent Prophylactic Efficacy of Filarial Antigens Glutathione-S-Transferase and Abundant Larval Transcript-2 against Challenge in .

Objective: To identify the most effective dose of filarial rALT-2 and rGST alone or in combination against infection and .

Methods: ( = 5-7/group) received intramuscular (i.m.

Oncolytic Adenovirus Armed with a Novel Agonist of the CD137 Immune Checkpoint Stimulator Suppresses Tumor Growth.

Natural 4-1BBL (CD137L) is a cell membrane-bound protein critical to the expansion, effector function, and survival of CD8 T cells. We reported the generation of an active soluble oligomeric construct, SA-4-1BBL, with demonstrated immunoprevention and immunotherapeutic efficacy in various mouse tumor models. Herein, we developed an oncolytic adenovirus (OAd) for the delivery and expression of SA-4-1BBL (OAdSA-4-1BBL) into solid tumors for immunotherapy.

Navigating the Post-COVID-19 Immunological Era: Understanding Long COVID-19 and Immune Response.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world unprecedentedly, with both positive and negative impacts. COVID-19 significantly impacted the immune system, and understanding the immunological consequences of COVID-19 is essential for developing effective treatment strategies. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively explore and provide insights into the immunological aspects of long COVID-19, a phenomenon where individuals continue to experience a range of symptoms and complications, even after the acute phase of COVID-19 infection has subsided.

Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Bivalent Vaccination.

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unparalleled global disruption [...

Broad-Spectrum Antivirals against Multiple Human and Animal Coronaviruses Infection.

Among the seven coronaviruses that infect humans, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 usually cause mild and common cold symptoms; however, infection with three coronaviruses, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [MERS-CoV], and the newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2], often results in respiratory distress, cytokine storm and multiorgan failure [...

Protein Phosphatase 2A: Role in T Cells and Diseases.

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine-threonine phosphatase that plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and signal transduction. The catalytic activity of PP2A is integral in the maintenance of physiological functions which gets severely impaired in its absence. PP2A plays an essential role in the activation, differentiation, and functions of T cells.

Identification of potent small molecule inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 responsible for COVID-19 remains a persistent threat to mankind, especially for the immunocompromised and elderly for which the vaccine may have limited effectiveness. Entry of SARS-CoV-2 requires a high affinity interaction of the viral spike protein with the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Novel mutations on the spike protein correlate with the high transmissibility of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the need for small molecule inhibitors of virus entry into target cells.

Role of age at onset in the clinical presentation of bipolar disorder in Indian population.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine any association of age at onset (AAO) with clinical presentation of bipolar disorder (BD) and family history of illness.

Materials And Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted including 162 patients having a diagnosis of BD current episode manic. Individuals were divided into three subgroups according to AAO, i.

Insights of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease outbreak, management and treatment.

Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases poses a threat to living organisms, and led to serious concern to humankind and public health. The last two decades, viral epidemics such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) reported in the years 2002-2003, and H1N1 influenza (Swine flu) in 2009, middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) from Saudi Arabia in 2012, Ebola virus in 2014-2016, and Zika virus in 2015. The recent outbreak of 2019-CoV-2 or severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2), novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, or 2019 disease, COVID-19) in Dec 2019, from, Wuhan city of China, has severe implications of health concerns to the whole world, due to global spread and high health risk.

Immunotherapy via PD-L1-presenting biomaterials leads to long-term islet graft survival.

Antibody-mediated immune checkpoint blockade is a transformative immunotherapy for cancer. These same mechanisms can be repurposed for the control of destructive alloreactive immune responses in the transplantation setting. Here, we implement a synthetic biomaterial platform for the local delivery of a chimeric streptavidin/programmed cell death-1 (SA-PD-L1) protein to direct "reprogramming" of local immune responses to transplanted pancreatic islets.

Immune checkpoint CD47 molecule engineered islets mitigate instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction and show improved engraftment following intraportal transplantation.

Instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) causes significant destruction of islets transplanted intraportally. Myeloid cells are a major culprit of IBMIR. Given the critical role of CD47 as a negative checkpoint for myeloid cells, we hypothesized that the presence of CD47 on islets will minimize graft loss by mitigating IBMIR.

Localized Immunomodulation with PD-L1 Results in Sustained Survival and Function of Allogeneic Islets without Chronic Immunosuppression.

Allogeneic islet transplantation is limited by adverse effects of chronic immunosuppression used to control rejection. The programmed cell death 1 pathway as an important immune checkpoint has the potential to obviate the need for chronic immunosuppression. We generated an oligomeric form of programmed cell death 1 ligand chimeric with core streptavidin (SA-PDL1) that inhibited the T effector cell response to alloantigens and converted T conventional cells into CD4Foxp3 T regulatory cells.

Pancreatic islets engineered with a FasL protein induce systemic tolerance at the induction phase that evolves into long-term graft-localized immune privilege.

We have previously shown that pancreatic islets engineered to transiently display a modified form of FasL protein (SA-FasL) on their surface survive indefinitely in allogeneic recipients without a need for chronic immunosuppression. Mechanisms that confer long-term protection to allograft are yet to be elucidated. We herein demonstrated that immune protection evolves in two distinct phases; induction and maintenance.

Robust Th1 cellular and humoral responses generated by the Yersinia pestis rF1-V subunit vaccine formulated to contain an agonist of the CD137 pathway do not translate into increased protection against pneumonic plague.

Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague and is a re-emerging pathogen that also has the potential as a biological weapon, necessitating the development of a preventive vaccine. Despite intense efforts for the last several decades, there is currently not a vaccine approved by the FDA. The rF1-V vaccine adjuvanted with Alhydrogel is a lead candidate subunit vaccine for plague and generates a strong Th2-mediate humoral response with a modest Th1 cellular response.

A Novel Form of 4-1BBL Prevents Cancer Development via Nonspecific Activation of CD4 T and Natural Killer Cells.

Costimulation through 4-1BB (CD137) receptor generates robust CD8 T-effector and memory responses. The only known ligand, 4-1BBL, is a trimeric transmembrane protein that has no costimulatory activity as a soluble molecule. Thus, agonistic antibodies to the receptor have been used for cancer immunotherapy in preclinical models and are currently being evaluated in the clinic.

Current challenges for cancer vaccine adjuvant development.

Introduction: Although much progress has been made in the last decade(s) toward development of effective cancer vaccines, there are still important obstacles to therapeutic successes. New generations of cancer vaccines will benefit from a combination adjuvant approach that targets multiple branches of the immune response.

Areas Covered: Herein we describe how combinatorial adjuvant strategies can help overcome important obstacles to cancer vaccine development, including antigen immunogenicity and tumor immune suppression.

A Recombinant Trivalent Fusion Protein F1-LcrV-HSP70(II) Augments Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses and Imparts Full Protection against Yersinia pestis.

Plague is one of the most dangerous infections in humans caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacterium. Despite of an overwhelming research success, no ideal vaccine against plague is available yet. It is well established that F1/LcrV based vaccine requires a strong cellular immune response for complete protection against plague.

HSP70 domain II of Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates immune response and protective potential of F1 and LcrV antigens of Yersinia pestis in a mouse model.

No ideal vaccine exists to control plague, a deadly dangerous disease caused by Yersinia pestis. In this context, we cloned, expressed and purified recombinant F1, LcrV antigens of Y. pestis and heat shock protein70 (HSP70) domain II of M.

Pathway to psychiatric care in a tertiary mental health facility in Jaipur, India.

Purpose: This study was planned to evaluate the pathway to care of mentally ill patients attending a tertiary mental health facility in Jaipur to highlight the difficulties of mentally ill and their relatives in accessing appropriate care.

Methods: Seventy-six patients, who attended the Out Patient Department of Psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital in Jaipur, India for the first time, were enrolled in this study. The family members of the patients were interviewed to evaluate the pathway to care using the Encounter form developed by the WHO.