The Effect of Double Carbapenem Regimen in the Management of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections: A Report of Five Cases.

The treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant organisms is challenging. Carbapenems in combination with vaborbactam and relebactam are recommended to treat infections caused by extensively drug-resistant organisms including carbapenemase-producing isolates, while ceftazidime-avibactam plus aztreonam, or cefiderocol is recommended for infections caused by New Delhi metallo beta-lactamase (NDM)-producing . As, in India, except for ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam, the other drugs are not approved for marketing, in this case report, the role of a double carbapenem regimen (ertapenem plus meropenem) in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant infections has been presented.

Evidence of dengue virus in eviscerated specimens of panophthalmitis secondary to dengue fever: A possible cause-effect phenomenon.

Purpose: To report a retrospective series of three cases of infectious panophthalmitis post-dengue fever with ex vivo confirmation of dengue virusribonucleic acid (RNA) in the tissues of the eye.

Methods: Four eyes of three patients, who were diagnosed with panophthalmitis following dengue fever and who underwent evisceration, were included. All demographic and clinical data were recorded.

Direct Detection and Discrimination of Carbapenemases of from Uncultured Tracheal Aspirates.

Carbapenemases play important roles in conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including the carbapenems. Detection of carbapenemase activity helps to understand the possible mechanism(s) of carbapenem resistance. Identification of carbapenemases is currently being done by various phenotypic methods and molecular methods.

Evaluation of LAMP-based assays for carbapenemase genes.

. Rapid and accurate detection of carbapenem resistance is a critical requirement for the selection of appropriate therapy and initiation of infection control measures. Although several tests are available, their use is limited by one or more factors.

Mucormycosis due to Apophysomyces species complex- 25 years' experience at a tertiary care hospital in southern India.

Apophysomyces elegans species complex is an important cause of cutaneous mucormycosis in India. However, majority of those cases are reported as case reports only. We desired to analyze our patients with Apophysomyces infection reported over 25 years (1992-2017) to understand the epidemiology, management, and outcome of the disease.

Extraintestinal infections caused by nontyphoidal from a tertiary care center in India.

Background: Infection with has become an increasing problem worldwide. Recently, nontyphoid (NTS) has become a global concern causing threat to the health of human. It causes gastrointestinal infection which may be self-limiting, but invasive infections may be fatal, requiring appropriate therapy.

Bacteriological profile of intra-abdominal infections in a tertiary care hospital.

Background And Objectives: Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) include a wide spectrum of pathological conditions, ranging from uncomplicated appendicitis to fecal peritonitis .The resulting infections should be diagnosed early and treated based on the organism isolated and its susceptibility. In this study the bacteriological profile and antimicrobial resistance pattern of intra-abdominal infections was analyzed.

Aerobic bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of pus isolates from tertiary care hospital in India.

Introduction: Pyogenic infections are an important cause of sepsis. These infections are difficult to treat because of the pathogens with increasing antibiotic resistance. It is important to know the pathogens causing the infections and its antibiotic susceptibility for proper management of the patients.

Need for appropriate specimen for microbiology diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis.

Introduction: Chronic osteomyelitis (COM) is a common infection, especially in developing countries. An adequate bone biopsy specimen processed with appropriate microbiology culture methods for isolation and identification of the causative organisms is considered as the gold standard for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis.

Materials And Methods: The present study is a retrospective microbiology analysis of the specimen from 219 clinically diagnosed cases of COM between January 2013 and April 2016.

Clinicomicrobiological spectrum of infective endocarditis - from a tertiary care centre in south India.

Background And Objectives: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial infection of the endothelial surface of the cardiac-valves. Rapid diagnosis, effective treatment and prompt recognition of complications are essential, in order to improve the outcome. We retrospectively reviewed and determined the clinical characteristics, microbiological profile and management strategies of IE cases, changing microbial spectrum of pathogens and outcome in Native Valve Endocarditis (NVE) and Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis (PVE) cases.

Anaerobic brain abscess.

Background And Objectives: Brain abscess remains a potentially fatal central nervous system (CNS) disease, especially in developing countries. Anaerobic abscess is difficult to diagnose because of cumbersome procedures associated with the isolation of anaerobes.

Materials And Methods: This is a hospital-based retrospective microbiological analysis of 430 brain abscess materials (purulent aspirates and/or tissue), for anaerobic organisms, that were received between 1987-2014, by the Microbiology Laboratory in our Institute.

Evaluation of LAMP Assay Using Phenotypic Tests and Conventional PCR for Detection of nuc and mecA genes Among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus spp.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to develop a nuc and mecA gene specific Loop-mediated isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid identification and detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among clinical isolates.

Materials And Methods: A total of 100 (70 from pus and 30 from blood), clinical isolates of Staphylococcus spp were screened for the nuc gene to differentiate between S.aureus and Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CONS) by a nuc gene specific LAMP assay.

Investigation of Toll-Like Receptor-2 (2258G/A) and Interferon Gamma (+874T/A) Gene Polymorphisms among Infertile Women with Female Genital Tuberculosis.

Background: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) coordinate with a diverse array of cellular programs through the transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes and play an important role in immune system, reproductive physiology and basic pathology. Alterations in the functions of TLR2 2258G (guanine)/ A, IFN-γ (+874T/A) and signalling molecules that result from polymorphisms are often associated with susceptibility or resistance, which may, in turn, establish the innate host response to various infectious diseases. Presently, we proposed to investigate the risk of common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of TLR2 and IFN-γ genes, for their effect on infertility in women with female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) and healthy women as controls.

Diagnosis of filamentous fungi on tissue sections by immunohistochemistry using anti-aspergillus antibody.

Identification based on histology alone has limitations as Aspergillus species share morphology with other filamentous fungi. Differentiation of Aspergillus species from hyalohyphomycetes and dematiaceous fungi is important as the antifungal susceptibility varies among different species and genera. Given these problems, ancillary techniques are needed to increase specificity.

Bacteremia Following Nasolacrimal Duct Probing: Is There a Role of Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis?

Aim: To study the incidence of nasolacrimal duct probing-induced bacteremia using the metabolic colorimetric sensor technique of blood culture.

Methods: Prospective, interventional study of all consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic-guided probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO). All patients were operated by a single surgeon (MJA).

Comparative Evaluation of Multiplex PCR and Routine Laboratory Phenotypic Methods for Detection of Carbapenemases among Gram Negative Bacilli.

Background: Carbapenem resistant pathogens cause infections associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Objective: This study evaluates the use of Multiplex PCR for rapid detection of carbapenemase genes among carbapenem resistant Gram negative bacteria in comparison with the existing phenotypic methods like modified Hodge test (MHT), combined disc test (CDT) and automated methods.

Material And Methods: A total of 100 Carbapenem resistant clinical isolates, [Escherichia coli (25), Klebsiella pneumoniae (35) P.

Population and dyadic-based seroincidence of herpes simplex virus-2 and syphilis in southern India.

Objectives: Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) and syphilis are associated with increased risk of HIV, highlighting the importance of understanding their transmission dynamics. In India, most studies of HSV-2 and syphilis incidence are in high-risk populations and may not accurately reflect infectious activity. In this study, we aim to define HSV-2/syphilis incidence and risk factors in a population sample.

Diagnostic accuracy of morphologic identification of filamentous fungi in paraffin embedded tissue sections: correlation of histological and culture diagnosis.

Aims And Objectives: The aim was to investigate the correlation between histological and culture diagnosis of filamentous fungi.

Materials And Methods: Tissue sections from biopsy samples stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and special stains from samples of chronic invasive/noninvasive sinusitis and intracranial space occupying lesions during 2005-2011 diagnosed to have infection due to filamentous fungi were reviewed. The histopathology and culture diagnoses were analyzed for correlation and discrepancy.

Extra-intestinal salmonellosis in a tertiary care center in South India.

Introduction: The present study is a retrospective analysis of a total of 36 cases of bacteriologically proven extra-intestinal salmonellosis, managed at Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, between 1987 and 2012 (25 years). The extra-intestinal sites involved were the skin, cerebrum, spleen, ovary, synovium, and the skeletal muscle.

Methodology: The extra-intestinal specimens were first processed using standard methods.

Diagnostic utility of melanin production by fungi: study on tissue sections and culture smears with Masson-Fontana stain.

Background: Dematiaceous fungi appear brown in tissue section due to melanin in their cell walls. When the brown color is not seen on routine H and E and culture is not available, differentiation of dematiaceous fungi from other fungi is difficult on morphology alone.

Aims And Objective: To study if melanin production by dematiaceous fungi can help differentiate them from other types of fungi.

A toolbox for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis: an Indian multi-centric study (2006-2008); evaluation of serological assays based on PGL-Tb1 and ESAT-6/CFP10 antigens for TB diagnosis.

Background: The aim of this multi-centric prospective study in India was to assess the accuracy of a serological test as an additional tool for diagnosing active tuberculosis (ATB). In particular, an assay based on ELISA using a phenolic glycolipid (PGL-Tb1) or a fusion protein (ESAT-6/CFP10) was compared to the tuberculin skin test (TST) and the microbiological results according to HIV status.

Methods: Individuals with and without ATB and HIV infection were enrolled.

Infective endocarditis due to Granulicatella adiacens: a case report and review.

Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by nutritionally variant Streptococci (NVS) is associated with high bacteriologic and treatment failure and mortality rates compared to endocarditis caused by other Streptococci. With automated blood culture systems, the rates of NVS-associated IE accounts for 5%-6% cases. We report a case of IE caused by NVS in an elderly female patient with no risk factors.