Development of Etf-3-specific nanobodies to prevent Ehrlichia infection and LNP-mRNA delivery in cellular and murine models.

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that infects monocytes and macrophages and causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis. Ehrlichia translocated factor-3 (Etf-3) is a type IV secretion system effector that binds host-cell ferritin light chain and induces ferritinophagy, thus increasing cellular labile iron pool for Ehrlichia proliferation. To further characterize roles of Etf-3 in Ehrlichia infection, we produced immune libraries of Etf-3-specific nanobodies (Nbs).

Efficacy of a Haemonchus contortus vaccine under field conditions in young alpacas.

Anthelmintic resistance to Haemonchus contortus creates increasing management challenges with small ruminants and camelids. The commercial vaccine, Barbervax®, contains H11 and H-gal-GP antigens, derived from gut mucosal membrane enzymes of H. contortus involved in digesting blood.

Effect of storage duration on carprofen concentration measurements in dog plasma.

Background: Storage of samples may be necessary prior to testing drug levels in certain study designs; however, the effect of storage duration on measured drug levels is not known for all drugs.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of carprofen in canine plasma when stored at -80°C for 6 months.

Methods: Six healthy dogs were enrolled (1-10 years old, 17-35 kg) and received compounded carprofen at 2.

Pharmacokinetics of oral tapentadol in cats.

To evaluate pharmacokinetics of one dose of tapentadol hydrochloride orally administered to cats. Prospective experimental study. Five healthy adult mixed-breed cats.

Reflecting on the past and fast forwarding to present day anthelmintic resistant Ancylostoma caninum-A critical issue we neglected to forecast.

Reports of anthelmintic resistance in Ancylostoma caninum are increasing in frequency in the United States of America (USA). In the last few years in vitro and in vivo studies characterized individual isolates, demonstrating multiple anthelmintic drug resistance (MADR). In 2021, the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists initiated a hookworm task force to address this issue.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramuscular dexmedetomidine in dogs.

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine after IM administration in dogs.

Animals: 6 healthy adult purpose-bred dogs (3 males, 3 females) with a mean ± SD body weight of 25.2 ± 1.

Biomechanical properties of an implant designed to stabilize the coxofemoral joint following luxation show dissimilarity to the native ligament of the head of the femur in cattle.

Objective: To improve upon the toggle-pin implant construction and develop a repeatable surgical technique to achieve coxofemoral stabilization in mature cattle.

Animals: 9 adult bovine cadaveric coxofemoral joints, 8 bovine femurs, 2 beef calf cadavers.

Procedures: Ultimate tensile strength and elongation at failure were measured for the native ligament of the head of the femur (LOHOF) harvested up to 48 hours after death, and the prosthetic prototype utilizing stainless-steel cable and prosthetic prototype utilizing nylon leader line were compared.

Effect of timing of prepartum vaccination relative to pen change with an acidogenic diet on lying time and metabolic profile in Holstein dairy cows.

The objective was to assess the effect of prepartum vaccination timing relative to pen change with an acidogenic diet at 28 or 21 d before expected parturition (dpp) on lying time (LT), prepartum serum energy status (glucose, IGF-1, and nonesterified fatty acids), urine pH, and serum Ca at calving in pregnant Holstein dairy cows. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 308) from 1 large dairy herd were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 treatment groups at 35 ± 3 dpp as follows: (1) vaccination at 28 dpp and pen change at 21 dpp (V28PC21; n = 108), (2) vaccination and pen change at 28 dpp (V28PC28; n = 99), and (3) vaccination and pen change at 21 dpp (V21PC21; n = 101). When cows changed pens, an acidogenic diet was introduced.

Effects of prepartum vaccination timing relative to pen change with an acidogenic diet on serum and colostrum immunoglobulins in Holstein dairy cows.

The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of prepartum vaccination timing relative to pen change with an acidogenic diet at 28 or 21 d before expected parturition (dpp) on colostral and serum IgG concentrations at calving in pregnant Holstein dairy cows. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 308) from one large dairy herd were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 treatment groups at 35 ± 3 dpp: (1) vaccination at 28 dpp and pen change at 21 dpp (V28PC21; n = 108), (2) vaccination and pen change at 28 dpp (V28PC28; n = 99), and (3) vaccination and pen change at 21 dpp (V21PC21; n = 101). An acidogenic diet was fed when cows changed pens at 28 or 21 dpp.

Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on serum calcium-regulating hormones and plasma and urinary electrolytes in healthy horses.

Intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is used in equine practice to treat hypomagnesemia, dysrhythmias, neurological disorders, and calcium dysregulation. MgSO4 is also used as a calming agent in equestrian events. Hypercalcemia affects calcium-regulating hormones, as well as plasma and urinary electrolytes; however, the effect of hypermagnesemia on these variables is unknown.

Iron robbery by intracellular pathogen via bacterial effector-induced ferritinophagy.

Iron is essential for survival and proliferation of an obligatory intracellular bacterium that causes an emerging zoonosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis. However, how acquires iron in the host cells is poorly understood. Here, we found that native and recombinant (cloned into the genome) translocated factor-3 (Etf-3), a previously predicted effector of the type IV secretion system (T4SS), is secreted into the host cell cytoplasm.

An intracellular nanobody targeting T4SS effector inhibits infection.

Infection with obligatory intracellular bacteria is difficult to treat, as intracellular targets and delivery methods of therapeutics are not well known. translocated factor-1 (Etf-1), a type IV secretion system (T4SS) effector, is a primary virulence factor for an obligatory intracellular bacterium, In this study, we developed Etf-1-specific nanobodies (Nbs) by immunizing a llama to determine if intracellular Nbs block Etf-1 functions and infection. Of 24 distinct anti-Etf-1 Nbs, NbD7 blocked mitochondrial localization of Etf-1-GFP in cotransfected cells.

Complications and outcomes of swine that underwent cesarean section for resolution of dystocia: 110 cases (2013-2018).

Objective: To report the surgical survival of dams and piglets and follow-up survival and future breeding potential of swine that underwent cesarean section for correction of dystocia.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Animals: One hundred ten client-owned, female swine.

Administration of acetylsalicylic acid after parturition in lactating dairy cows under certified organic management: Part II. Biomarkers of nociception, inflammation, and stress.

The objective was to assess the effect of oral administration of acetylsalicylic acid after calving on the concentrations of substance P (SP), haptoglobin (HP), and cortisol in lactating dairy cows. Holstein dairy cows (n = 152) from 3 organic herds were included. At parturition, cows were blocked by parity [multiparous (MULT) and primiparous (PRIM)] and calving ease [eutocia (EUT) and dystocia (DYS)] and were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: aspirin (ASP; n = 76), in which within 12 h after parturition cows received 4 treatments with acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg; 2 boluses) at 12-h intervals, or placebo (PLC; n = 76), in which within 12 h after parturition cows received 4 consecutive treatments with gelatin capsules (2 capsules) containing water 12 h apart.

Effects of postpartum acetylsalicylic acid on metabolic status, health, and production in lactating dairy cattle.

The transition period is one of the most challenging times for dairy cattle. Previous research suggests that treatment of postpartum cows with anti-inflammatory drugs may decrease pain and inflammation, enhancing cow welfare and performance during this challenging period. However, these strategies involve numerous time-consuming interventions, which require extra labor and do not fit modern farm logistics.

Pharmacokinetics of magnesium and its effects on clinical variables following experimentally induced hypermagnesemia.

The objectives of this study were to describe pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes as a result of a single intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate (MgSO ) to healthy horses. MgSO is a magnesium salt that has been used to calm horses in equestrian competition and is difficult to regulate because magnesium is an essential constituent of all mammals. Six healthy adult female horses were administered a single intravenous dose of MgSO at 60 mg/kg of body weight over 5 min.

Sequential changes in hepatic mRNA abundance and serum concentration of serum amyloid A in cattle with acute inflammation caused by endotoxin.

The objective of the present study was to elucidate sequential changes in mRNA abundance of serum amyloid A (SAA) isotypes in endotoxin (ETX) challenge model cattle. Ten healthy cattle were separated to 2 groups: control and ETX groups. Cattle in the ETX group were challenged by 2.

Effectiveness of tapentadol hydrochloride for treatment of orthopedic pain in dogs: A pilot study.

This pilot study evaluated the short-term analgesic effect of oral tapentadol hydrochloride (tapentadol) in dogs with unilateral hind limb lameness secondary to naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Baseline data including pharmacodynamic parameters, sedation scores, lameness scores, and objective gait analyses were collected. Tapentadol was administered orally (30 mg/kg body weight).

Analgesic efficacy of an intravenous constant rate infusion of a morphine-lidocaine-ketamine combination in Holstein calves undergoing umbilical herniorrhaphy.

Objective: To assess the analgesic efficacy of an IV constant rate infusion (CRI) of a morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (MLK) combination in calves undergoing umbilical herniorrhaphy.

Animals: 20 weaned Holstein calves with umbilical hernias.

Procedures: Calves were randomly assigned to receive a CRI of an MLK solution (0.

Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous constant rate infusion of a morphine-lidocaine-ketamine combination in Holstein calves undergoing umbilical herniorrhaphy.

Objective: To describe the pharmacokinetics of morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine associated with IV administration of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of a morphine-lidocaine-ketamine (MLK) combination to calves undergoing umbilical herniorrhaphy.

Animals: 20 weaned Holstein calves with umbilical hernias.

Procedures: Calves were randomly assigned to receive a CRI of an MLK solution (0.

Radio-Telemetric Assessment of Cardiac Variables and Locomotion With Experimentally Induced Hypermagnesemia in Horses Using Chronically Implanted Catheters.

The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate to horses using a novel radio-telemetry system for physiologic signal capture. Five Horses were surgically implanted with a radio-telemetric carotid catheter. Implants were paired with a non-invasive telemetric unit which acquired a six lead ECG and 3-axis acceleration to assess activity acquired wirelessly in real-time for future analysis.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of oral transmucosal and intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine in dogs.

Objective: To determine pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the injectable formulation of dexmedetomidine administered via the oral transmucosal (OTM) route to healthy dogs.

Animals: 6 healthy dogs.

Procedures: Injectable dexmedetomidine was administered IV (5 μg/kg) or via the OTM route (20 μg/kg) in a blinded, single-observer, randomized crossover study.

Investigation of a novel prosthesis technique for extracapsular stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle joints in adult cattle.

Objective: To evaluate a novel prosthesis technique for extracapsular stabilization of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)-deficient stifle joints in adult cattle.

Sample: 13 cadaveric bovine stifle joint specimens.

Procedures: In the first of 3 study phases, the most isometric points on the distal aspect of the femur (distal femur) and proximal aspect of the tibia (proximal tibia) were determined from measurements obtained from lateromedial radiographs of a stifle joint specimen maintained at angles of 135°, 90°, 65°, and 35°.