[Oral cancer screening: what can the healthcare system do to reduce the burden of disease?].

Due to its high incidence and mortality, oral cancer makes a group of diseases of public health importance. Oral screening is a simple three-step procedure: the first step is questioning the patient about his/her smoking/drinking habits, secondly, visual inspection of the oral cavity, and finally, palpation of regional lymph nodes. If precancerous conditions or any form of oral cancer are suspected, the task is to send the examined person to oral clinical care.

[Quality and performance indicators of colorectal cancer screening pilot program in Csongrád County, Hungary].

Colorectal cancer is a major social and economic burden for developed countries. Our analysis aimed to evaluate the quality and performance indicators of colorectal cancer screening pilot program. The colon cancer screening pilot program was carried out in 2015 involving an average-risk population aged 50-69 in Csongrád county, Hungary.

[Quality and performance indicators of the pilot program for cervical cancer screening by health visitors].

The aim of our analysis was the assessment of the qualitative and performance indicators of a pilot program for health visitors' cervical cancer screening. The analysis involved the data from the Communication module of the Office of the National Chief Medical Officer. In the examined period (October, 2013 - September, 2015) the participation indicators of women aged 25-65, the prevalence rates of human papillomavirus and the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were determined.

[Assessment of the pilot program for cervical cancer screening by health visitors].

Introduction: Within the tender (6.1.3.

[European Code against Cancer: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk].

Recently, the Word Health Organization/International Agency for Research on Cancer published the 4th edition of European Code against Cancer with 12 personal advices on how to diminish the risk of development of cancer. A proportion of advices refers to risk factors which are connected to our everyday lifestyle; another admonishes to comply with the services offered by the health care system. In Hungary, the European Code has not received adequate publicity so far.

[Inequalities in cervical screening practices].

Theoretically, the cytology-based cervical screening is capable of early detection of precancerous epithelial lesions of cervix uteri and its cancer, and of early referral to treatment. In this way, screening can inmprove the quality of life of the patients and reduce mortality from the target disease. Unfortunately, this often remains unexploited, because there might be inequalities on both "supply" and "demand" side of screening.

[Implementation status of cervical screening in Europe].

Following the recommendation of the Council of the European Union, almost all governments made a policy statement on the introduction of cytology-based cervical screening for the health care system. However, the status of implementation is uneven. In the majority of the developed countries an organised model of screening recommended by the relevant international professional organisations are in use, while occasional screening is applied in some other countries.

[Factors influencing the participation in colorectal screening].

Participation of the target population in coloretal screening is generally low. In addition to demographic and socio-economic factors, the health care system and- in particular - family doctors play an important role. Further, the rate of participation is influenced by psychological, cognitive and behavioural factors, too.

[Attendance of the fourth (2008-2009) screening round of the Hungarian organized, nationwide breast cancer screening program].

Introduction: Organised, nationwide screening for breast cancer with mammography in the age group between 45 and 65 years with 2 years screening interval started in Hungary in January 2002.

Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the attendance rate of nationwide breast screening programme for the 2008-2009 years.

Method: The data derive from the database of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration.

[Participation rates in the third round (2006-2007) of the breast cancer screening program in Hungary].

Organised, nationwide screening for breast cancer with mammography in the age group of 45-65 years with 2 years screening interval started in Hungary in January 2002. The aim of this study is to analyse the attendance rate of breast screening programme for the 2006/2007 years, including the analysis of the ratio of screening and diagnostic mammography examinations. The data derive from the financial database of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration (NHIFA) covering the 8 years period between 2000 and 2007.

Cervical cancer screening practices in central and eastern Europe in 2012.

The burden of cervical cancer in central and eastern Europe is generally higher compared to western or northern Europe due to a history of mostly opportunistic cervical cancer screening practices and due to the strong influence of political and economic changes in post-communist transition. This article describes the current cervical cancer screening practices, organizational plans for the future, and main obstacles that need to be overcome in 16 countries in central and eastern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Unfortunately, only a few countries have managed to establish an organized and well-functioning cervical cancer screening program in recent years, whereas most countries in the region are still struggling with implementation-related issues of organized cervical cancer screening.

[Gynecological screening or cervical screening? Conflicts between clinical and public health viewpoints].

The "gynecological screening" that is composed of complex gynecological examination including colposcopy and cytological examinations has traditionally been incorporated into the gynecological protocol and practice. Over the past few decades, unfortunately, this screening practice has entrenched in the mind both of the gynecological community and the general public. As a result, the government-supported, organized cervical screening program of the population has come to a standstill.

[Controversial issues in colorectal screening in Hungary: conflict of clinical and public health viewpoints].

In Hungary, mortality rates from colorectal cancer are dramatically high, therefore the reduction by population screening as a public health measure is considered as one of the priorities of National Public Health Program. In the beginning, a human-specific immunological test was applied in the "model programs", as a screening tool, to detect the occult blood in the stool; compliance was 32% in average. However, the objectives of the model programs have not been achieved, because, among other reasons, a debate on the method of choice and the strategy to follow have divided the professional public opinion.

[Attendance in the second phase (2004-2005) of the Hungarian organized breast cancer screening program].

Aim: Organised, nationwide screening for breast cancer with mammography in the age group of 45-65 years with a 2-year screening interval started in Hungary in January 2002. The aim of this study is to analyze the attendance rate of breast screening programme, including the analysis of the ratio of screening and diagnostic mammography examinations.

Data And Methods: The data derive from the financial database of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration (NHIFA) covering the 6-year period between 2000-2006.

[The coverage of cervical screening in Hungary].

Unlabelled: The purpose of this study is to calculate the proportion of women having cytological examination (Pap smear) of cervix either within or outside of the Hungarian organized cervical cancer screening programme.

Methods: The data derive from the financial database of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration (OEP) of Hungary covering the period of 2000-2005. The period 2000-2002 was considered as a reference period of opportunistic screening, while 2003-2005 was the first screening circle of organized screening.

[The state of the colorectal screening in Hungary: lessons of the pilot programs].

In Hungary, colorectal cancer is the second most common malignant disease. Due to its natural history, colorectal cancer is particularly suitable for screening. At present, epidemiological evidences of the effectiveness of detection of the symptomless colorectal cancer and its precursors are only available for the demonstration of fecal occult blood, endoscopic methods are also in use.

[The undesirable, psychologically adverse effects of screening].

The psychological adverse effects might play an important role in the non-compliance with the offered screening examination. The possible sources of them are three-fold: 1. The general human attitude, such as the rejection of health interventions, particularly those aiming at the prevention of eventual future health problems instead of handling existing complaints and symptoms at present; the screening can be seen as a "future-oriented" intervention.

[Screening for early detection of lung cancer: conflict between clinical and public health viewpoints].

In Hungary, lung cancer, gradually increasing among women, is the leading cause of cancer mortality. The screening, using chest x-ray and sputum cytology as screening tool, does not reduce the mortality from lung cancer, therefore, screening for lung cancer is not recommended. The low-dose spiral CT is a sensitive and promising method, however, its specificity is far from being ideal.

[Model program for screening oral cancers in the Roma population].

Oral cancer has been identified as a significant public health threat. It is reported that about 3,800 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed in Hungary each year with approximately 1,700 associated deaths. Oral cancer is the 6th most common cancer in men.

[Oral cancer screening: how to develop a country-wide opportunistic system in Hungary].

In Hungary, oral cancer represents a very heavy public health problem. Even epidemiological evidence in support of the effectiveness of organized screening for early detection does not exist, the efforts to detect the precancerous lesions and early cancers of oral cavity must be continued. The mass screening component of the National Public Health program provides a good opportunity for that.

[Is the mass screening for prostate cancer justifiable?].

In Hungary, prostate cancer is a major public health problem, therefore screening should be considered to reduce the number of deaths. Screening tests are available, i.e.

[Epidemiology of oral cancer].

In Hungary, the mortality rate from oral cancer is dramatically increasing, causing great concern. Smoking, drinking and poor oral hygiene are the major risk factors, and their combined effect could only be prevented by primary preventive measures in a long time period and therefore the benefit from primary prevention can be detected much later. The possibilities of the secondary preventive measures are much better to identify the premalignant conditions and lesions for these cancers.

[The state of the organised mammography screening in Hungary in 2006].

Breast cancer represents a serious public health concern in Hungary. The most promising way of mortality reduction is organised screening which applies personal invitation, recall and follow-up. Screening women between 50-65 years of age by mammography combined with clinical breast examination is a method of proved effectiveness.