Acute anxiogenic effect of lisdexamphetamine dimesylate in zebrafish: implications of off-label cognitive enhancement use.

The off-label use of lisdexamphetamine dimesylate (LDX), a prodrug of dextroamphetamine, for cognitive enhancement has raised concerns due to its potential risk effects in neurotypical individuals. This study investigates the acute toxic effects of LDX exposure in zebrafish (), used here as a translational model. Zebrafish were exposed to 70, 100, and 140 mg/L of LDX to assess changes in anxiety-related, social-related and exploratory behaviors and cognitive function through novel tank test, social preference test, spatial memory test, and light-dark test, respectively.