Soybean symbiotic-nodule zonation and cell differentiation are defined by NIN2 signaling and GH3-dependent auxin homeostasis.

Symbiotic nodules comprise two classes, indeterminate and determinate, defined by the presence/absence of apical meristem and developmental zonation. Why meristem and zonation are absent from determinate nodules remains unclear. Here, we define cell types in developing soybean nodules, highlighting the undifferentiated infection zones and differentiated nitrogen-fixation zones.

Shoot-to-root communication via GmUVR8-GmSTF3 photosignaling and flavonoid biosynthesis fine-tunes soybean nodulation under UV-B light.

Legume nodulation requires light perception by plant shoots and precise long-distance communication between shoot and root. Recent studies have revealed that TGACG-motif binding factors (GmSTFs) integrate light signals to promote root nodulation; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying nodule formation in changing light conditions remain elusive. Here, we applied genetic engineering, metabolite measurement, and transcriptional analysis to study soybean (Glycine max) nodules.

GmPIN1-mediated auxin asymmetry regulates leaf petiole angle and plant architecture in soybean.

Crop breeding during the Green Revolution resulted in high yields largely due to the creation of plants with semi-dwarf architectures that could tolerate high-density planting. Although semi-dwarf varieties have been developed in rice, wheat and maize, none was reported in soybean (Glycine max), and few genes controlling plant architecture have been characterized in soybean. Here, we demonstrate that the auxin efflux transporter PINFORMED1 (GmPIN1), which determines polar auxin transport, regulates the leaf petiole angle in soybean.

GmPIN-dependent polar auxin transport is involved in soybean nodule development.

To overcome nitrogen deficiency, legume roots establish symbiotic interactions with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia that are fostered in specialized organs (nodules). Similar to other organs, nodule formation is determined by a local maximum of the phytohormone auxin at the primordium site. However, how auxin regulates nodule development remains poorly understood.