The structural landscape and diversity of Pyricularia oryzae MAX effectors revisited.

Magnaporthe AVRs and ToxB-like (MAX) effectors constitute a family of secreted virulence proteins in the fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae), which causes blast disease on numerous cereals and grasses. In spite of high sequence divergence, MAX effectors share a common fold characterized by a ß-sandwich core stabilized by a conserved disulfide bond.

Does a Similar 3D Structure Mean a Similar Folding Pathway? The Presence of a C-Terminal -Helical Extension in the 3D Structure of MAX60 Drastically Changes the Folding Pathway Described for Other MAX-Effectors from .

Does a similar 3D structure mean a similar folding pathway? This question is particularly meaningful when it concerns proteins sharing a similar 3D structure, but low sequence identity or homology. MAX effectors secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus present such characteristics. They share a common 3D structure, a ß-sandwich with the same topology for all the family members, but an extremely low sequence identity/homology.

H, C, N backbone and side-chain NMR assignments for three MAX effectors from Magnaporthe oryzae.

Effectors are small and very diverse proteins secreted by fungi and translocated in plant cells during infection. Among them, MAX effectors (for Magnaporthe Avrs and ToxB) were identified as a family of effectors that share an identical fold topology despite having highly divergent sequences. They are mostly secreted by ascomycetes from the Magnaporthe genus, a fungus that causes the rice blast, a plant disease leading to huge crop losses.

Combining High-Pressure NMR and Geometrical Sampling to Obtain a Full Topological Description of Protein Folding Landscapes: Application to the Folding of Two MAX Effectors from .

Despite advances in experimental and computational methods, the mechanisms by which an unstructured polypeptide chain regains its unique three-dimensional structure remains one of the main puzzling questions in biology. Single-molecule techniques, ultra-fast perturbation and detection approaches and improvement in all-atom and coarse-grained simulation methods have greatly deepened our understanding of protein folding and the effects of environmental factors on folding landscape. However, a major challenge remains the detailed characterization of the protein folding landscape.

Beyond-Mild Psoriasis: A Consensus Statement on Calcipotriol and Betamethasone Dipropionate Foam for the Topical Treatment of Adult Patients.

Introduction: There are clear treatment options for mild psoriasis where topical therapies are the mainstay, and for severe psoriasis where systemic therapy (biologic or non-biologic) is necessary. However, there is less clarity in the 'grey zone' of patients in the moderate or so-called 'beyond-mild' segment. There are frequent delays to the initiation, discontinuation, switching and dose change in treatment, and many patients fail to continue treatment because of concerns about safety or lack of efficacy.

[Off-label drugs in childhood psoriasis].

Introduction: Psoriasis affects 0.5% of children in Europe, with moderate to severe clinical forms in 15-35% of cases warranting the use of systemic treatments. Few treatments are licensed for childhood psoriasis.

The impact of psoriasis on professional life: PsoPRO, a French national survey.

Background: The physical, social and mental burden of psoriasis is well known, but its occupational impact has been less investigated.

Objective: To assess the impact of psoriasis on the working life of patients compared with the general population.

Methods: A national survey compared people with and without psoriasis using online questionnaires.

[Psoriatic arthritis in France, from infants to the elderly: Findings from two cross-sectional, multicenter studies].

Background: Psoriatic arthritis affects 20-30% of patients with psoriasis. Few epidemiological data are available in France about its prevalence and its association with skin lesions and comorbidities.

Objectives: To assess the epidemiological aspects and the risk factors for psoriatic arthritis in children and adults in France.

Methotrexate Versus Cyclosporine in Adults with Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Phase III Randomized Noninferiority Trial.

Background: Methotrexate is currently used to treat atopic dermatitis but has never been assessed versus cyclosporine in adults.

Objective: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of methotrexate versus cyclosporine in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.

Methods: Patients were randomized to receive either oral methotrexate (15 mg/wk) or cyclosporine (2.

Vaccination recommendations for the adult immunosuppressed patient: A systematic review and comprehensive field synopsis.

Background: Immunosuppressed patients are at risk of severe viral infections-related complications. National and international vaccination guidelines have been developed to decrease the mortality risk associated with these infections. However, a summary of these guidelines and the value of immunisation in this population is missing.

Psoriasis in the elderly: epidemiological and clinical aspects, and evaluation of patients with very late onset psoriasis.

Background: Age of the patients and age of onset of psoriasis may have an impact on the disease. There is little information about psoriasis in elderly patients.

Objective: We evaluated epidemiological, clinical aspects, comorbidities and treatments of psoriasis in the elderly (>70 years) patients, and in patients with very late onset psoriasis (onset ≥ 70 years).

[Management of chronic hand eczema].

The management of hand eczema, more readily called chronic hand dermatitis, is complex. This heaviness is related not only to the disease itself by its different clinical forms but also the multiplicity and diversity of etiological factors, triggering / maintaining or aggravating factors. The repeated therapeutic failures are ransom of incorrect information about the disease and its environment, a lack of clarity in the prescription and duration of treatment in general too short.

[Definition and psychopathology of chronic hand dermatitis].

Psychopathology in patients with DCM is as complex as its clinical forms where the factors are numerous and often intricate. It combines psychophysiological, psychopathological factors, behavioral disorders which can be the cause or the consequence of DCM but also the negative impact on quality of life and the simplest daily activities. DCM affects the quality of life of every patient, regardless of the severity.

Clinical relevance of immunogenicity of biologics in psoriasis: implications for treatment strategies.

Biological drugs such as the tumour necrosis factor inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of psoriasis, but some have the potential to induce an unwanted immune response. This immunogenicity may be associated with low trough drug levels, reduced clinical efficacy, reduced drug survival and an increased risk for adverse events. This article presents a literature review of the evidence on immunogenicity of biologics used in the treatment of psoriasis and considers the implications for therapeutic decision-making in the management of patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis.

A multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled study comparing the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of a sequential therapy with RV4104A ointment, ciclopiroxolamine cream and ciclopirox film-forming solution with amorolfine nail lacquer alone in dermatophytic onychomycosis.

Background: The efficacy of topical antifungals is controversial.

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of a sequential(SEQ) treatment with chemical nail avulsion and topical antifungals to amorolfine nail lacquer in dermatophytic onychomycosis.

Methods: This was a randomized,parallel-group, controlled study comparing a 36-week SEQ treatment with chemical nail avulsion with RV4104A ointment(class I medical device containing 40% urea) followed by ciclopirox cream for 8 weeks and ciclopirox nail lacquer for 25 weeks (SEQ group) to amorolfine nail lacquer for 36 weeks (AMO group).

Childhood-onset psoriasis: association with future cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities.

Background: Psoriasis is associated with higher prevalences of cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities in adults but the relationship of age at onset and those prevalences is unknown.

Objective: To evaluate whether the childhood onset of psoriasis (COP) is correlated with the frequency of cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities in adulthood.

Methods: This noninterventional, cross-sectional, multicentre study of adults with psoriasis was conducted in 29 dermatology centres in France.

Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an optimized avulsion technique with onyster® (40% urea ointment with plastic dressing) ointment compared to bifonazole-urea ointment for removal of the clinically infected nail in toenail onychomycosis: a randomized evaluator-blinded controlled study.

Background: Toenail onychomycosis is highly prevalent, with 14-28% of people aged 60 or over suffering from the disease. Use of a topical antifungal alone in toenail onychomycosis is associated with low cure rates. This may be due to limited penetration of the topical antifungal through the diseased nail.

Quantification of Demodex folliculorum by PCR in rosacea and its relationship to skin innate immune activation.

The aim of this study is to quantify D. folliculorum colonisation in rosacea subtypes and age-matched controls and to determine the relationship between D. folliculorum load, rosacea subtype and skin innate immune system activation markers.

Significant delay in the introduction of systemic treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis: a prospective multicentre observational study in outpatients from hospital dermatology departments in France.

Background: There is a low rate of systemic treatment usage in moderate to severe psoriasis.

Objectives: The primary objective of the present study was to assess the time period between lack of control of moderate to severe psoriasis with topical treatment or phototherapy as perceived by patients and the medical decision to introduce a systemic treatment.

Methods: This was a prospective multicentre study, which included patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.

Are we giving patients enough information on how to use topical treatments? Analysis of 767 prescriptions in psoriasis.

Background: Unclear instructions probably contribute to the suboptimal efficacy and adherence to topical agents in psoriasis.

Objectives: To analyse the quality of prescriptions for topical therapy in psoriasis and to determine factors associated with high-quality prescription writing.

Methods: We made a systematic analysis of 767 topical prescriptions written by dermatologists and general practitioners (GPs).

[Guide for therapeutic education program in psoriasis].

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which can cause significant impairment of quality of life, absenteeism at work and significant psychological distress. This justifies the elaboration of a multidisciplinary education program for patients. The objective of this work was to develop the content of a therapeutic education program in psoriasis, which may serve as a basis for teams wishing to develop psoriasis therapeutic education in their community.

Definition of treatment goals for moderate to severe psoriasis: a European consensus.

Patients with moderate to severe psoriasis are undertreated. To solve this persistent problem, the consensus programme was performed to define goals for treatment of plaque psoriasis with systemic therapy and to improve patient care. An expert consensus meeting and a collaborative Delphi procedure were carried out.